Panamanian Corruption Concealed Amidst Free Trade Negotiations

1. 1. Jackson, Eric. “Party switch, financial chaos in San Miguelito.” The Panama News. 30 November 2010. http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_12/news_05.html

2. 2. Jackson, Eric. “Martinelli casually ignites a firestorm of criticism.” The Panama News. 16 November 2010. http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_12/economy_01.html

3. 3. Jackson, Eric. “Shamah steers contracts to his real estate partner.” The Panama News. 16 November 2010. http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_12/economy_02.html

4. 4. “Senior GOP Officials Express Doubts About Contractor for Panama Canal Locks.” Wikileaks. 7 April 2011. http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2010/01/10PANAMA1.html

5. 5.“Martinelli’s Wish is Supreme Court’s Command: Attorney General Suspended.” Wikileaks. 7 April 2011. http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2010/02/10PANAMA43.html

6. 6. Otero, José. “Pulseo entre procuradores.” La Prensa. 30 October 2009. Corporación La Prensa. http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/1978980.asp

7. 7. Jackson, Eric. “The sleaze factor.” The Panama News. 22 December 2010. http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_13/news_03.html

8. 8. Lynch, Linnet. “Conceden fianza a Eva Lorentz.” La Estrella. 26 January 2011. Panama Star S.A. http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2011/01/26/contenido/326259.asp

9. 9. Kerekes, Neir Carrasco. “PAMAGO, La Conspiración contra Ana M. Gómez.” Alternativa. 31 March 2011. WordPress. http://www.alternativadigital.net/?p=728

10. 10. Alvarado, Nicanor and Zelideth Cortez. “Antinori, el primer caído de PAMAGO.” La Estrella. 26 March 2011. Panama Star S.A. http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/impreso/2011/03/26/antinori_el_primer_caido_de_pamago.asp

11. 11. Díaz, Juan Manuel. “Revocan fianza dada por Zulay Rodríguez.” La Prensa. 4 August 2010. Corporación La Prensa. http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/2288366.asp

12. 12. Lynch, Linnet. “‘José Abel Almengor lo controla todo’: Zulay.” La Estrella. 5 July 2010. Panama Star S.A. http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2010/07/05/contenido/254052.asp

13. 13. Kerekes, Neir Carrasco. “PAMAGO, la conspiración contra Gómez.” La Estrella. 21 March 2011. Panama Star S.A. http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/impreso/2011/03/21/pamago_la_conspiracion_contra_gomez.asp

14. 14. Maxwell, Magda. “Caso Rancharán a la palestra.” TVN Noticias. 7 April 2011. Televisora Nacional S.A. http://www.tvn-2.com/noticias/noticias_detalle.asp?id=49868

15. 15. “Sociedad Civil repudia archivo de expediente contra Almengor.” La Estrella. 19 April 2011. Panama Star S.A. http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/noticias/2011/04/19/sociedad_civil_repudia_archivo_de_expediente_contra_almengor.asp

16. 16. “MP no investigará denuncias.” La Prensa. 20 April 2011. Corporación La Prensa. http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2011/04/20/hoy/panorama/2571807.asp

17. 17. Díaz, Juan Manuel. “Fiscalía Quinta pide videos con denuncias de exjueza.” La Prensa. 23 April 2011. Corporación La Prensa. http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2011/04/23/hoy/panorama/2572788.asp

18. 18. “Mounting Opposition to Martinelli’s Likely Supreme Court Nominees.” Wikileaks. 7 April 2011. http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/10/09PANAMA756.html

19. 19. Jackson, Eric. “DMG: a political, media and death squad scandal.” The Panama News. 25 November 2010. http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_14/issue_22/economy_02.html

20. 20. “Tocumen International Airport Flying High But Corruption Causing Drag.” Wikileaks. 11 January 2011. http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/12/09PANAMA893.html

21. 21. Campagnani, Mixela. “Abren proceso disciplinario contra el fiscal de drogas Josa Abel Almengor.” Radio Panama. 27 March 2009. http://www.radiopanama.com.pa/nota.aspx?id=785430

22. 22. Melo, Gricelda. “Caso Murcia vincula a más de dos personas.” TVN Noticias. 15 April 2011. Televisora Nacional S.A. http://www.tvn-2.com/noticias/noticias_detalle.asp?id=50366

23. 23. “Archivan proceso de lavado de activos contra David Murcia en Panamá.” Semana. 14 September 2010. Publicaciones Semana S.A. http://www.semana.com/nacion/archivan-proceso-lavado-activos-contra-david-murcia-panama/144543-3.aspx

24. 24. Salazar, Carlos. “Primos de presidente comprometen al Gobierno de Panamá.” El Pais. 13 May 2010. http://www.elpais.cr/articulos.php?id=24017

25. 25. “Tocumen International Airport Flying High But Corruption Causing Drag.” Wikileaks. 11 January 2011. http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/12/09PANAMA893.html

26. 26. Prieto-Barreiro, Ereida. “Martinelli niega que sea primo de César Fábrega.” PAdigital. http://www.padigital.com.pa/periodico/buscador/resultado.php?story_id=921687&texto=55-1774

27. 27. Rodríguez, Isidro. “Fiscalía esperaba a Martinelli Corro.” La Estrella. 21 November 2009. Panama Star S.A. http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2009/11/21/contenido/172162.asp

28. 28. Prieto-Barreiro, Ereida. “Fallece primo del Presidente preso en México por lavado.” PAdigital. http://www.padigital.com.pa/periodico/edicion-anterior/nacion-interna.php?story_id=921308

29. 29. Alfaro, Julio. “Gobierno opta por desestimar las fotografías.” La Estrella. 14 May 2010. Panama Star S.A. http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2010/05/14/contenido/234581.asp

The Spirited Campaign against the SOA-WHINSEC Goes On

1. "What Is the SOA?" SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

2. "Training Institution Overview." Just The Facts. Center For International Policy. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

3. "WHINSEC Course Catalog." Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. The United States Army | Fort Benning. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

4. "’There Were No Abuses. We Have Never Taught Torture,’ Army Commandant Asserts." SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

5. "WHINSEC Quick Facts." Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. The United States Army | Fort Benning. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

6. "U.S. Aid from International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement, Entire Region, 2007-2012." Just The Facts. Center For International Policy. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

7. School of the Americas Watch. "Notorious Graduates." SOA Watch. 2011. http://www.soaw.org/about-the-soawhinsec/soawhinsec-grads/notorious-grads.

8. School of the Americas Watch. "Notorious Graduates From El Salvador." SOA Watch. 2011. http://www.soaw.org/about-the-soawhinsec/soawhinsec-grads/notorious-grads/238.

9. "Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador." La Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos. 1 Apr. 1993. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. .

10. Rials, Lee. "El Savador Truth Comission on Jesuit Murders Analysis." 2011.

11. "Perpetrators: El Salvador: The Jesuits Massacre Case." The Center for Justice and Accountability. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

12. "DoD SOA Manuals." The George Washington University. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

13. Ibid

14. "Pentagon Admits Use of Torture Manuals: Training Books Used for Latin Americans at Ft. Benning School | National Catholic Reporter." BNET - National Catholic Reporter. 04 Oct. 1996. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

15. Ibid

16. DoD. "Improper Material in Spanish-Language Intelligence Training Manuals." The George Washington University, 10 Mar. 1992. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. .

17. DoD. "Improper Material in Spanish-Language Intelligence Training Manuals." The George Washington University, 10 Mar. 1992. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. .

Authors Note: Mr. Lee Rials and Father Roy Bourgeois were spoken to via phone on 1/31/2011 and 2/2/2011 respectively.

Rials, Lee. "El Savador Truth Comission on Jesuit Murders Analysis." 2011.

School of the Americas Watch. "Notorious Graduates." SOA Watch. 2011. http://www.soaw.org/about-the-soawhinsec/soawhinsec-grads/notorious-grads.

—. "Notorious Graduates From El Salvador." SOA Watch. 2011. http://www.soaw.org/about-the-soawhinsec/soawhinsec-grads/notorious-grads/238.

Julissa Delgado: Law to Nowhere

1. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.“The Situation Of The Rights Of Women In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico: The Right To Be Free From Violence And Discrimination.” http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/2002eng/chap.vi.juarez.htm

2. Mexico. 20 January 2009 “Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a Una Vida Libre de Violencia.” www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LGAMVLV.pdf

3. Alcántara, Liliana. "Falla Ley Contra El Feminicidio." El Universal.mx. Jan. 31, 2011. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. .

4. El Universal.mx. Jan. 31, 2011.

5. Secretary General, “In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women.” Rep. United Nations, 2006. Print. (Secretary General, Section F. entitled ‘Challenges and obstacles,’ 23)

6. Margesson, Rhoda, Clare Seelke, Nina M. Serafino, Luisa Blanchfield, and Tiaji Salaam-Blyther. “International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues.” Rep. no. RL34438. Congressional Research Service, 2009. Print. (Blanchfield, Margesson, Salaam-Blyther, Seelke, and Serafino, 24)

7. (Secretary General, 34)

8. United Nations. International Covenant on Civil and Human Rights Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee, Consideration of reports submitted by States Parties under article 40 of the Covenant Ninety-eighth session May, 2010.

9. Kristen J. Roe, "The Violence Against Women Act and Its Impact on Sexual Violence Public Policy: Looking Back and Looking Forward." National Alliance to End Sexual Violence (September 2004): 1-10.

10. Solis, Hilda. "Letter to Calderón." Letter to Mexican President Felipe Calderón. 8 Aug. 2007. MS.

11. United States. U.S.Department of Justice. Office on Violence Against Women. Biennial Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of Grant Programs Under the Violence Against Women Act, 2006. 2007. Print. (U.S. Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women, 142)

12. (U.S. Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women, 19)

13. (U.S. Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women, 32)

14. El Universal.mx. Jan. 31, 2011.

15. Meyer-Emerick, Nancy. "Policy Makers, Practitioners, Citizens: Perceptions of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994,." Administration & Society 33.629 (2002): 629-63. Print. (Meyer-Emerick, 659)

16. (Meyer-Emerick, 659)

17. (Mexico, Article 8 Section II).

18. “The Response to Rape: Detours on the Road to Equal Justice.” A Majority Staff Report Prepared for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 103rd Congress, First Session. U.S. Government Printing Office. May 1993. Page V

19. (Secretary General, 77).

20. (Meyer, 637).

21. Stolz, Barbara Ann. "Congress, Symbolic Politics and the Evolution of 1994 “Violence Against Women Act”." Criminal Justice Policy Review 10.3 (1999): 401-28. Print. (Stolz, 403).

22. Rea, Daniela. “Urgen reformar la ley promujeres.” El Mañana.com.mx Jan 16, 2011. Web. 22 Feb. 2011.

23. (Stolz, 402)

24. NSVRC. “IVAWA Approved by Senate Committee.” Accessed 22 Feb. 2011. http://www.nsvrc.org/news/3326

Zoë Amerigian: Legalizing Pot--An Exit Strategy from the War on Drugs

1. Morgan, Scott. StoptheDrugWar.org. “Hillary Clinton Says Drugs Are Too Expensive for Legalization.” 2 Feb 2011. 2 Feb 2011. http://stopthedrugwar.org/speakeasy/2011/feb/02/hillary_clinton_says_drugs_are_t

2. Monitoring the Future. “Marijuana: Trends in Annual Use, Risk, Disapproval, and Availability.” 31 March 2011. 2010. http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/10data/fig10_3.pdf

3. HHS. “Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” p 1. 31 March 2011. Sep 2010. http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/2k9ResultsP.pdf

4. UNODC. “2010 Drug Report.” p. 188. 31 March 2011. 2010. http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo-res.pdf

5. Ibid, p. 184.

6. Costa, Antonio Maria. UNODC. “The 51st Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs.” 31 March 2011. 10 March 2008. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2008-03-10.html

7. ONDCP. “The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States.” p xii. 31 Jan 2011. Dec 2004. http://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/economic_costs.pdf

8. HHS. “Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” p 6. 31 Jan 2011. Sep 2010. http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/2k9ResultsP.pdf

9. Hispanically Speaking News. “Former President of Mexico Wants to Legalize Drugs, Sepcifically Marijuana.” 31 Jan 2011. 21 Jan 2011. http://www.hispanicallyspeakingnews.com/notitas-de-noticias/details/former-president-of-mexico-wants-to-legalize-drugs/4533/

10. Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy. “Drugs & Democracy: Toward a Paradigm Shift.” 31 Jan 2011. 2009. http://www.drogasedemocracia.org/Arquivos/livro_ingles_02.pdf

11. Hispanically Speaking News. “Former President of Mexico Wants to Legalize Drugs, Specifically Marijuana.” 31 Jan 2011. 21 Jan 2011.

12. Costa, Antonio Maria. UNODC. “The 51st Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs.” 31 Jan 2011. 1 March 2008.

13. Fainaru, Steve and William Booth. The Washington Post. “Cartels Face Economic Battle.” 2 Feb 2011. 7 Oct 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/10/06/ST2009100603892.html?sid=ST2009100603892. Luhnow, David. The Wall Street Journal. “Saving Mexico.” 8 Feb 2011. 26 Dec 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704254604574614230731506644.html. RAND Corporation. “Legalizing Marijuana in California Will Not Dramatically Reduce Mexican Drug Trafficking Revenues.” 8 Feb 2011. 21 Oct 2011. http://www.rand.org/news/press/2010/10/12.html

14. Fainaru, Steve and William Booth. The Washington Post. “Cartels Face Economic Battle.” 2 Feb 2011. 7 Oct 2007.

15. UNODC. “2010 Drug Report.” p. 188. 31 Jan 2011. 2010.

16. DrugScience.org. “DEA Estimates of Domestic Marijuana Cultivation: Extent and Value.” 2 Feb 2011.

17. RAND Corporation. “Legalizing Marijuana in California Will Not Dramatically Reduce Mexican Drug Trafficking Revenues.” 8 Feb 2011. 21 Oct 2011.

18. RAND Corporation. “Legalizing Marijuana in California Will Not Dramatically Reduce Mexican Drug Trafficking Revenues.” 8 Feb 2011. 21 Oct 2011; UNODC. “2010 Drug Report.” p 4. 31 Jan 2011. 2010.

19. Costa, Antonio Maria. UNODC. “The 51st Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs.” 31 Jan 2011. 1 March 2008.

20. Hall, Wayne. World Health Organization. “WHO Project on Health Implications of Cannabis Use.” 18 Feb 2011. 28 Aug 1995. http://www.druglibrary.net/schaffer/hemp/general/who-index.htm

21. Drug Policy Library. “Drug Testing.” 22 Feb 2011. http://www.druglibrary.org/library/drug-testing-4.html

22. Drug Abuse Warning Network. “National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits.” 16 Feb 2011. 23 Sep 2010. https://dawninfo.samhsa.gov/data/report.asp?f=Nation/Illicit/Nation_2009_Illicit_ED_Visits_by_Drug

23. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute. “Helmet Related Statistics from Many Sources.” 16 Feb 2011. 2007. http://www.bhsi.org/stats.htm

24. British Medical Journal. “Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in France: population based case-control study.” 2 Feb 2011. 27 Sep 2005. http://www.bmj.com/content/331/7529/1371.full

25. DEA. “‘Medical’ Marijuana: The Facts.” 9 Feb 2011. http://www.justice.gov/dea/ongoing/marinol.html

26. IOM. “Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base.” p 95. 31 Jan 2011. 1999. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6376&page=R7

27. Ibid. p 96.

28. Archives of General Psychiatry. “Cannabis Use and Earlier Onset of Psychosis.” 9 Feb 2011. 7 Feb 2011. http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5v1?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=matthew+large&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT

29. IOM. “Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base.” p 99. 31 Jan 2011. 1999.

30. The National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. “Marihuana – A Signal of Misunderstanding.” Ch 2, “Becoming a Multidrug User.” 31 Jan 2011. 1972.

31. IOM. “Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base.” p 6. 31 Jan 2011. 1999.

32. Ibid. p 105.

33. Ibid. p 95.

34. Ibid. p 105.

35. Archives of General Psychiatry. “Cannabis Use and Earlier Onset of Psychosis.” 7 Feb 2011. http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5v1?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=matthew+large&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT; Rabin, Roni Caryn. New York Times. “Marijuana Smokers Who Start Early are at Greatest Risk, Study Finds.” 15 Nov 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/health/research/15marijuana.html?scp=12&sq=&st=nyt; Warner, Jennifer. WebMD. “Marijuana Use May Shrink the Brain.” 2 June 2008. http://www.webmd.com/brain/news/20080602/marijuana-use-may-shrink-the-brain; among others

36. IOM. “Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base.” p 90. 31 Jan 2011. 1999.

37. Ibid. p 95.

38. Ibid. p 113-114.

39. U.S. Department of Justice. “Crime in the United States: Table 29.” 31 Jan 2011. 2009. http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_29.html

40. U.S. Department of Justice. “Crime in the United States: Arrests.” 31 Jan 2011. 2009. - http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/arrests/index.html

31. Miron, Jeffrey A. Department of Economics, Harvard University. “The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition.” 3 Feb 2011. June 2005. http://www.prohibitioncosts.org/MironReport.pdf

42. Hardy, Quentin. Forbes. “Milton Friedman: Legalize It!” 31 Jan 2011. 2 June 2005. http://www.forbes.com/2005/06/02/cz_qh_0602pot.html

43. NORML. “Marijuana Decriminalization and its Impact on Use.” 15 Feb 2011. 27 Feb 2010. http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3383

44. IOM. “Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base.” p 102. 31 Jan 2011. 1999; Belville, Russ. NORML. “Debunking Freakonomics Blog’s Alaskan Decriminalization Reefer Madness.” 8 Feb 2011. 27 May 2009. http://stash.norml.org/debunking-freaknomomics-blogs-alaskan-decriminalization-reefer-madness

45. RAND Corporation. “How Might Marijuana Legalization in California Affect Public Budgets and Marijuana Consumption?” 15 Feb 2011. 2010. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9543/index1.html

46. ONDCP. “The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States.” p vii. 31 Jan 2011. Dec 2004.

47. Ibid, ps viii, IV-4, x, III-19, III-18, III-8–III-11,

48. Miron, Jeffrey A. Department of Economics, Harvard University. “The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition.” 3 Feb 2011. June 2005.

49. Cagnoni, Romano. TIME. “Drugs in Portugal. Did Decriminalization Work?” 15 Feb 2011. 26 April 2006. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1893946,00.html

50. Fainaru, Steve and William Booth. The Washington Post. “Cartels Face Economic Battle.” 2 Feb 2011. 7 Oct 2009.

Michael Reaney: Peru's Less-Than-Benign Environmental Policy

1. Roberto Cortijo, “New species abound in Peru, but so do threats,” physorg.com, December 28, 2010, http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-species-abound-peru-threats.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

2. Roberto Cortijo, “New species abound in Peru, but so do threats,” Physorg.com, December 28, 2010, http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-species-abound-peru-threats.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

3. Roberto Cortijo, “New species abound in Peru, but so do threats,” Physorg.com, December 28, 2010, http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-species-abound-peru-threats.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

4. “Under Siege: Oil and Gas Concessions cover 41 Percent of the Peruvian Amazon,” Mongbay.com, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20peru.htm (accessed March 29, 2011).

5. “Peru,” Mongbay.com, February 6, 2006, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20peru.htm (accessed January 28, 2011).

6. “95% of mahogany from Peru is illegally logged says scientist,” Mongabay.com, October 6,2005, http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1006-peru.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

7. “95% of mahogany from Peru is illegally logged says scientist,” mongabay.com, October 6,2005, http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1006-peru.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

8. Pervaze A. Sheikh, Congressional Research Service on Illegal Logging: Background and Issues, Order Code:RL33932. http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL33932.pdf (accessed January 27, 2011).

9. “Outrage Over Peru-Brazil Energy Agreement,” International Rivers, June 17, 2010. http://www.internationalrivers.org/2010-6-17/outrage-over-peru-brazil-energy-agreement (accessed January 27, 2011).

10.“Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: Peru,” International Labour Organization, http://www.ilo.org/indigenous/Activitiesbyregion/LatinAmerica/Peru/lang--en/index.htm (accessed February 8, 2011).

11. United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, September 13, 2007, http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/drip.html.

12. “Declaration about the Consultation Process in Peru around the Forestry Law,” December 13, 2010, http://amazonwatch.org/news/2010/1213-declaration-about-the-consultation-process-in-peru-around-the-forestry-law (accessed February 8, 2011).

13. “Declaration about the Consultation Process in Peru around the Forestry Law,” December 13, 2010, http://amazonwatch.org/news/2010/1213-declaration-about-the-consultation-process-in-peru-around-the-forestry-law (accessed February 8, 2011).

14. “International: “Consultation process concerning the Forestry Act in Peru is questioned,” Servicios en Comunicacion Intercultural Servindi, December 14, 2010, http://www.servindi.org/actualidad/37234 (accessed February 8, 2011).

15. Office of the United States Trade Representative, Peru trade Promotion Agreement, April 12, 2006, http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa/final-text (accessed January 28,2011).

16. “Raw Deal for Animals and the Environment: Statement in Opposition to the Revised Peru Free Trade Agreement,” http://freetradekillsanimals.org/?page=PeruPanamaLetter (accessed April 8, 2011).

17. Travis McArthur and Todd Tucker, “A year after Implementation of Peru Free Trade Agreement, U.S. and Peru Left with Broken Promises and No New Trade Model,” Public Citizen, February 1, 2010, http://www.citizen.org/documents/PeruFTA-OneYear.pdf (accessed February 9, 2011).

18. Erik Wasson, “New Peru FTA Decrees Anger Civil Society Over Labor, Environment,” Inside U.S. Trade, July 4,2008.

19. Travis McArthur and Todd Tucker, “A year after Implementation of Peru Free Trade Agreement, U.S. and Peru Left with Broken Promises and No New Trade Model,” Public Citizen, February 1, 2010, http://www.citizen.org/documents/PeruFTA-OneYear.pdf (accessed February 9, 2011).

20. “Peruvian Police Accused of Massacring Indegenous Protestors in Amazon Jungle” Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report, June 08, 2008, http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/8/peruvian_police_accused_of_massacring_indigenous. (accessed January 28, 2011).

21. Carlos A. Quiroz, “Alan García Must Resign: criminal poised to continue indigenous slaughter and disintegrate Peru,” Intercontinental Cry, June 8, 2009, http://intercontinentalcry.org/democracy-now-reports-on-bagua-massacre/ (accessed January 28, 2011)

22. “Peruvian Police Accused of Massacring Indegenous Protestors in Amazon Jungle” Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report, June 08, 2008,

23. “Uncontacted Tribes: the threats,” Survival International, http://www.uncontactedtribes.org/articles/3106-uncontacted-tribes-the-threats (accessed February 3, 2011).

24. “Under Siege: Oil and Gas Concessions cover 41 Percent of the Peruvian Amazon,” Mongbay.com, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20peru.htm (accessed March 29, 2011).

25. Kevany, Sophie. “Peru Government Suspends All Work on Key Southern Copper Mine Study,” Dow Jones, April 6, 2011, http://www.automatedtrader.net/real-time-dow-jones/55561/peru-government-suspends-all-work-on-key-southern-copper-mine-study.

26. “Recession Proof,” The Economist, May 5, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/13244897 (accessed February 8, 2011).

27. University of Gothenburg: School Of Buisness, Economics, and Law, “Environmental and Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean-Policy Brief,” 3rd Draft May 12, 2009, http://www.hgu.gu.se/Files/nationalekonomi/EEU/Helpdesk/EnvPolicyBrief/2009/LAC%20Environment%20and%20Climate%20Change%20Policy%20Brief%20090512.pdf, 17-18 (accessed February 1, 2011).

28. University of Gothenburg: School Of Buisness, Economics, and Law, “Environmental and Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean-Policy Brief,” 3rd Draft May 12, 2009, http://www.hgu.gu.se/Files/nationalekonomi/EEU/Helpdesk/EnvPolicyBrief/2009/LAC%20Environment%20and%20Climate%20Change%20Policy%20Brief%20090512.pdf, 18 (accessed February 1, 2011).

29. Grudgings, Stuart. "Amazon Drought Caused Huge Carbon Emissions," PlantetArk.org, February 4, 2011, http://www.nbhub.org/hubfile /pdf/News%20Monitoring%20-%20February_2011.pdf (accessed April 7, 2011).

30. Nick Sundt, “Another Extreme Drought hits the Amazon, Raising Climate Change Concerns,” Cimate Progress, November 26, 2010, http://climateprogress.org/2010/ /26/another-extreme-drought-hits-the-amazon-raising-climate-change-concerns/ (accessed February 10, 2011).

31. Erik German and Solana Pyne, “Rivers Run Dry as Drought Hits Amazon,” GlobalPost, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/brazil/101102/amazon-drought-climate-change?page=0,1 (accessed February 10, 2011).

32. Rhett A. Butler, “Atmospheric Role of Forests,”Mongabay.com: A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face, January 9 2006, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0907.htm (accessed January 31, 2011).

33. David Braun, “Amazon Deforestation Slows as Brazil Tightens Prevention,” National Geographic, November 13, 2009, http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2009/11/amazon-deforestation-slows.html (acessed January 31, 2011).

34. “Brazil: Amazon Deforestation Falls to New Low,” BBC.co.uk, December 1, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11888875 (accessed January 31, 2011).

35. David Braun, “Amazon Deforestation Slows as Brazil Tightens Prevention,” National Geographic, November 13, 2009, http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2009/11/amazon-deforestation-slows.html (acessed January 31, 2011).

36. "Outrage as Construction of Belo Monte Dam Illegally Approved,” Survival International: The Movement for Tribal Peoples, February 2, 2011, http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/6954 (accessed February 2, 2011).

37. AIDESEP to Antonio Brack Egg, Lima, September, 9,2010, Opinion of the second draft of the Readiness Proposal (RPP) of Peru for the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Pres. Segundo Alberto Pizango Chota , http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/12/aideseprppletterministryenvironmentsept2010tgengw.pdf (accessed January 31, 2011).

38. AIDESEP to Antonio Brack Egg, Lima, September, 9,2010, Opinion of the second draft of the Readiness Proposal (RPP) of Peru for the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Pres. Segundo Alberto Pizango Chota , http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/ /aideseprppletterministryenvironmentsept2010tgengw.pdf (accessed January 31, 2011).

39. Rainner W. Bussmann & Douglas Sharon, “Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture, November 7, 2006, http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/47 (accessed February 8).

40. “García Cuts Taxes to Boost Popularity,” Latin News, February 10, 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22577.asp?instance=0 (accessed February 10, 2011).

41. “García Cuts Taxes to Boost Popularity,” Latin News, February 10, 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22577.asp?instance=0 (accessed February 10, 2011).

42. “Peru Approves 33 Projects Without Environmental Assessments,” Living in Peru, February 7, 2011, http://www.livinginperu.com/news-14041-environmentnature-peru-approves-33-projects-without-environmental-assessments (accessed February 10, 2011).

Zoë Amerigian: Radio and TV Martí Should Be Prime Target for Budget Cutters

1. Broadcasting Board of Governors, “Annual Reports” 2000-2009. http://www.bbg.gov/reports/annual-reports/

2. CNN Wire Staff. “House votes to stop NPR funding.” 17 Mar 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/17/house.of.reps.npr.funding/index.html

3. Government Accountability Office. “Broadcasting in Cuba: Actions are Needed to Improve Strategy and Operations.” Jan 2009. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09127.pdf

4. Ibid.

5. Committee on Foreign Relations. “Cuba: Immediate Action is Needed to Ensure the Survivability of Radio and TV Martí” April 2010. http://foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/56157.pdf

6. Ibid.

7. Voice of America. “About Us.” http://www.voanews.com/english/about-us/

8. Government Accountability Office. “Broadcasting in Cuba: Actions are Needed to Improve Strategy and Operations.” Jan 2009. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09127.pdf

9. Ibid; Committee on Foreign Relations. “Cuba: Immediate Action is Needed to Ensure the Survivability of Radio and TV Martí” April 2010. http://foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/56157.pdf

10. Committee on Foreign Relations. “Cuba: Immediate Action is Needed to Ensure the Survivability of Radio and TV Martí” April 2010. http://foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/56157.pdf

11. Müller, Alberto. Noticias Martí. “Sondeo de Veritas muestra cómo los cubanos ven al partido comunisto.” http://www.martinoticias.com/noticias/Grupo--118505414.html

12. Government Accountability Office. “Broadcasting in Cuba: Actions are Needed to Improve Strategy and Operations.” Jan 2009. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09127.pdf

13. Ibid

Mike Reaney: Peru Set to Deliver a Massive Repudiation of the García Presidency

1. Carla salazar, “Toledo Favored to Repeat as Peru's President”, March 23, 2011, http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-03-23/world/29180894_1_ollanta-humala-alejandro-toledo-keiko-fujimori/2 (accessed March 30, 2011).

2. Chávez, Enrique. “Toledo Runs Again: An Interview with Peru's Ex-President,” November 16, 2010, http://www.livinginperu.com/features-1767-politics-toledo-runs-again-an-interview-with-perus-ex-president (accessed March 30, 2011)

3. Indacochea, Carlos, McClintock, Cynthia, Youngers, Coletta. “Peru’s 2011 Elections: Perspectives on the Campaign and Prospects For the First Round.” Latin American and Hemispheric Studies Program, Washington, D.C. March 29, 2011.

4. Otis, John. 'Peru: The Return of Fujimori,” GlobalPost, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/110307/alberto-fujimori-keiko-peru-election (accessed March 29, 2011).

5. Indacochea, Carlos, McClintock, Cynthia, Youngers, Coletta. “Peru’s 2011 Elections: Perspectives on the Campaign and Prospects For the First Round.” Latin American and Hemispheric Studies Program, Washington, D.C. March 29, 2011.

6. Indacochea, Carlos, McClintock, Cynthia, Youngers, Coletta. “Peru’s 2011 Elections: Perspectives on the Campaign and Prospects For the First Round.” Latin American and Hemispheric Studies Program, Washington, D.C. March 29, 2011.

7. Riveros-Cayo, Jorge. “Polls: Humala and PPK Surge; Casańeda Falls,” March 21, 2011, www.http:livinginperu.com/news. (accessed March 30, 2011).

Robert Cavooris: Obama’s Final Stopover: Ignoring CAFTA Protests in San Salvador

1. Rowland, Kara. "Obama Vows Salvadoran Aid, Immigration Reform." Washington Times. 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. .

2. "About ICSID." International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. World Bank. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. .

3. "El Dorado, El Salvador." Pacific Rim Mining Corp. Pacific Rim Mining Corp. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. .

4. Notice of Arbitration: Pac Rim Cayman LLC. v. Republic of El Salvador, Art. 1, sec. 2..

5.Agencia ACAN-EFE. "Saca No Permitirá Extracción Minera Hasta Tener Diagnóstico." Radio La Primerísima. 15 July 2008. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.

6.Agencia EFE. “Saca se opone a explotación minera y confia en ganar posible arbitraje.” Conflictos Mineros. 3 March 2009. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.

7. Gutiérrez, Raúl. "Gold Mining 'Is a Huge Rip-Off' - Environmentalists." IPS Inter Press Service. 8 Dec. 2008. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. .

8. Montecinos, Iván C. "Minería Verde: Un Proyecto De Muerte." DiarioCoLatino.com. 10 July 2008. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. .

9. Gutiérrez, Raúl.

10.Gutiérrez, Raúl

11. Notice of Arbitration: Pac Rim Cayman LLC. v. Republic of El Salvador Art. I. sec. 9-10.

12. Notice of Arbitration: Pac Rim Cayman LLC. v. Republic of El Salvador, Art VIII. sec. 123.

13. Kay, Adam A. "El Salvador Raises Preliminary Objections to Jurisdiction of ICSID Tribunal in CAFTA Mining Claim." Investment Arbitration Reporter. 17 Jan. 2010. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. .

14. Witness Statement of Thomas C. Shrake. sec. 13.

15. 2007 Annual Report. Pacific Rim Mining Corp. 12.

16. Qtd in Wang, Vivian H.W. “Investor Protection or Environmental Protection? ‘Green’ Development under CAFTA.” Colombia Journal of Environmental Law 32.209. 2007. Accessed through LexisNexis Academic. 21 Mar. 2011.

17. Application for Permission to Proceed as Amici Curae: Center for International Environmental Law. 2011.

18. Letter to President Obama on the Occasion of his trip to El Salvador. Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador.

Gonzalo Turdera: Chevron Refutes an Old Inheritance

1. Ecuador Judge Orders Chevron to Pay $9 Billion. February 14, 2011, March 22, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/world/americas/15ecuador.html

2. Chevron press release, February 14, 2011, February 20th 2011, http://www.chevron.com/chevron/pressreleases/article/02142011_illegitimatejudgmentagainstchevroninecuadorlawsuit.news

3. Mercedes Alvaro, Ecuadorian Plaintiffs in Chevron Case appeal, FOXBusiness, February 17th 2011, march 3rd 2011, http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2011/02/17/ecuadorean-plaintiffs-chevron-case-appeal-court-ruling/

4. Tim Padgett & Stephan Küffner, Chevron v. Ecuador: will plaintiffs get paid?, New York Times, February 22nd 2011, February 22nd 2011, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053075,00.html

5. Ecuadorian Farce, Published Monday April 7, 2008.Latinbuisnesschronical.com,March 22, 2011.

6. Frente de Defenza de Amazonia, Trial History Fact, July 20th 2008, February 20th, http://www.texacotoxico.org/

7. “60 minutes”, NBC 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKOS0Fwk4LU&feature=player_embedded

8. Chevron Toxico, “Historic trial: $27 Billion Damages Assessment, February 23rd 2011, http://chevrontoxico.com/about/historic-trial/27-billion-damages-assessment.html

9. Tim Padgett & Stephan Küffner, Chevron v. Ecuador: will plaintiffs get paid?, New York Times, February 22nd 2011, February 22nd 2011, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053075,00.html

Augustus Urschel: Building Momentum but Problems Remain for the Colombia: U.S. Free Trade Agreement

1. Alsema, Adriann. "Obama offers no timetable for Colombia FTA in State of the Union." Colombia Reports. January 25, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/13929-obama-offers-no-timetable-for-colombia-fta-in-state-of-the-union.html.

2. LatinNews. "Colombia & Panama FTAs on the agenda." Latinnews Daily. February 10, 2011. http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22577.asp?instance=4.

3. Schneider, Howard. "GOP presses Obama on Panama, Colombia trade pacts." The Washington Post. February 9, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/09/AR2011020907666.html.

4. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 2011: Colombia." January 2011. http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/world-report-2011-colombia.

5. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 2011: Colombia." January 2011. http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/world-report-2011-colombia.

6. Fletcher, Pascal. "U.S. aims Latam trade accords to Congress by mid-year." Reuters. February 14, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/15/us-usa-trade-latam-idUSTRE71E0CT20110215.

7. Heyden, Tom. "US delegation will visit Colombia to analyze FTA." Colombia Reports. February 14, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/14354-us-delegation-will-visit-colombia-to-analyze-fta.html.

8. Needham, Vicki. "Senate still deadlocked over proceeding on extending trade programs." The Hill. February 17, 2011. http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/144841-senate-still-deadlocked-over-proceeding-on-extending-trade-programs.

9. Needham, Vicki. "Senate still deadlocked over proceeding on extending trade programs." The Hill. February 17, 2011. http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/144841-senate-still-deadlocked-over-proceeding-on-extending-trade-programs.

10. Heyden, Tom. "US delegation will visit Colombia to analyze FTA." Colombia Reports. February 14, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/14354-us-delegation-will-visit-colombia-to-analyze-fta.html.

11. Heyden, Tom. "US delegation will visit Colombia to analyze FTA." Colombia Reports. February 14, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/14354-us-delegation-will-visit-colombia-to-analyze-fta.html.

12. Murphy, Helen. "Panama, Colombia Trade Deal Delays Cost U.S. Jobs, Lugar Says." Bloomberg Businessweek. February 8, 2011. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-08/panama-colombia-trade-deal-delays-cost-u-s-jobs-lugar-says.html.

13. The Ttalk. "The stalled FTA, A Colombian View." September 18, 2008. http://www.ttalk.biz/TTQ_20080918.htm.

Shantel Beach: The Race for Arctic Sovereignty Part I

1. Levon Sevunts, “As Arctic Ice Melts, Canada Reasserts Sovereignty Over Its ‘Northwest Passage’,” World & I 20:1 (2005): 15.

2. Rob Huebert, “United States Arctic Policy: The Reluctant Arctic Power,” University of Calgary School of Public Policy Briefing Papers 2:2 (2009): 8.

3. Secretary of State for External Affairs Joe Clark, “Canada: Statement Concerning Arctic Sovereignty,” Reproduced from Statement 85/49 in the House of Commons, International Legal Materials 24:6 (1985):1724-1725.

4. Donald McRae, “Arctic sovereignty: What’s at stake?” Behind the Headlines 64:1 (2007): 7.

5. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/canadasoceans-oceansducanada/marinezones-zonesmarines-eng.htm

6. McRae, “Arctic sovereignty,” 4.

7. Richard D. Parker and Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi, “Emerging legal concerns in the Arctic sovereignty, navigation and land claim disputes,” Polar Record 46:239 (2010): 338.

8. McRae, “Arctic sovereignty,” 9.

9. Ibid, 7.

10. Sevunts, “As the Arctic,”15.

11. Rob Huebert, “The shipping news part II: How Canada’s Arctic sovereignty is on thinning ice,” International Journal 58:3 (2003): 295-308.

12. David Akin, “Stephen Harper flexes military, political muscle on Arctic visit,” Canwest News Service, 18 August 2009, www.canada.com/.

13. Akin, “Stephen Harper flexes military.”

14. Hannes Gerhardt et al., “Contested Sovereignty in a Changing Arctic,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100:4 (2010): 994.

15. Huebert, “The shipping,” 305.

16. Franklyn Griffiths, “The shipping news: Canada’s Arctic sovereignty not on thinning ice,” International Journal 58:2 (2003): 274.

17. Huebert, “United States Arctic Policy,” 8.

18. Huebert, “The shipping news,” 297.

19. Sevunts, “As the Arctic,” 15.

20. Parker, “Emerging legal concerns,” 344.

Keven Dickey, Kelsey Strain and Elcin Chang: Obama's Long Overdue Relationship with Latin America

1. Office of the Press Secretary. The United States and the 2009 Summit of the Americas: Securing our citizens’ future. The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/The-United-States-and-the-2009-Summit-of-the-Americas-Securing-Our-Citizens-Future/ (Accessed March 7, 2011).

2. Griswold, Daniel. 2009. The US embargo of Cuba is a failure. The Guardian Weekly, June 15, World News section. Online edition. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jun/15/cuba-us-trade-embargo-obama (accessed March 7, 2011)

3. Ruiz-Goiriena, Romina. 2009. Could the U.S.-Cuba travel ban end soon. Time Inc., November 4, World section. Online edition. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1934416,00.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

4. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States support for Colombia: Plan Colombia. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/www/regions/wha/colombia/fs_000328_plancolombia.html (accessed March 7, 2011).

5. Walser, Ray. 2010. Colombia and Obama’s Latin America policy: Time to close ranks and support a friend. The Heritage Foundation, no. 2439, pp. 13. http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2010/pdf/bg2439.pdf (accessed March 7, 2011).

6. Cambio. Los enviados del Pentágono. CEET. http://www.cambio.com.co/portadacambio/835/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR_CAMBIO-5569679.html (accessed March 7, 2011).

7. Caroll, Rory and Ewen McAskill. Outcry in South America over US military base pact. The Guardian Weekly. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/27/anger-america-colombia-bases-deal (accessed March 7, 2011).

8. Latin American Andean Group Report. 2011. Colombia: FARC promise a military escalation in 2011. Latin American Newsletters, no. 1. http://www.latinnews.com/lra/LRA22528.asp?instance=6 (accessed March 7, 2011)

9. Obama, Barack. Renewing U.S. leadership in the Americas. Organizing for America. http://www.barackobama.com/2008/05/23/remarks_of_senator_barack_obam_68.php (accessed March 7, 2011)

10. Calderón, Felipe Hinojosa. II: Las causas del problema. Presidencia de la Republica, Mexico. http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/prensa/lucha_seguridad_publica/causas.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

11. The World Factbook. Colombia. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

12. Isacson, Adam. International counternarcotics policies: Do they reduce domestic consumption or advance other foreign policy goals? Domestic Policy Subcommittee. Oversight and Government Reform Committee. http://www.justf.org/files/primarydocs/100716_isacson_testimony.pdf (accessed March 7, 2011)

13. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UNODC homicide statistics. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

14. Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, César Gaviria and Ernesto Zedillo. Drogas y Democracia: hacia un cambio de paradigma. a Comisión Latinoamericana sobre Drogas y Democracia. http://www.drogasedemocracia.org/Arquivos/livro_espanhol_04.pdf (accessed March 8, 2011).

15. Kerlikowske, Gil. Remarks by White House Drug Policy Director, Gil Kerlikowske. Embassy of Colombia. http://colombiaemb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1040&Itemid=172 (accessed March 8, 2011).

16. Hansen, David J. Drug Abuse Resistance Education: The Effectiveness of DARE. D. J. Hansen.http://www.alcoholfacts.org/DARE.html (accessed March 8, 2011).

17. Feingold, Russell, Christopher Dodd and Patrick Leahy. Letter to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. January 21, 2010. http://justf.org/files/primarydocs/100121sena.pdf (accessed March 8, 2011)

18. Associated Press. US envoy called Honduran prez rebellious teen. Fox News, December 11, 2010. World section. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/11/envoy-said-honduran-president-crime-ties/ (accessed March 9, 2011)

19. Padgett, Tim. Honduras Quagmire: An interview with Zelaya. Time Inc., September 26, 2009. World section. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926383,00.html (accessed March 9, 2011)

20. BBC News. Brazil urges action on Honduras. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8271309.stm (accessed March 9, 2011)

21. Casas-Zamora, Kevin. No victory for Democrazy in Honduras. The Brookings
Institution, December 1, 2009. http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/1201_honduras_casaszamora.aspx (accessed March 9, 2011)

Megan McAdams: Bloodshed in Guatemala as Cartels and Street Gangs Wage War

1. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/18/2074464/guatemala-ends-siege-in-drug-plagued.html

2. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE6BP1J820101226

3. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/21/AR2010122100366.html, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2010/12/21/guatemala-drugs-zetas-state-seige

4. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE6BP1J820101226

5. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/21/AR2010122100366.html

6. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70H5KT20110119

7. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/18/2074464/guatemala-ends-siege-in-drug-plagued.html

8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11989399

9. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11989399

10. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70H5KT20110119

11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12385301

12. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12385301

13. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12385301

14. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/photoblog/2010/12/violence_in_guatemala_daniel_leclairs_story.html

15. http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90029797?Guatemala%20police%20arrest%20female%20gang%20member%20in%20bus%20bombing%20that%20killed%207

16. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/08/06/mexico.drug.cartels/index.html

17. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2010/12/23/guatemala-transfers-cops-embattled-province/

18. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704062604576106454103477770.html

Colombia’s, so called Successful Drug Policy Provides the Bait for a Mexican Disaster: A Perspective on President Calderón's Militarized Drug Conflict

Elsa Treviño

1 The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/24/us-officials-drug-demand-fuels-mexico-violence/

2 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

3 Cook, Colleen W. “Mexico’s Drug Cartels” CRS Report for congress, October 16 2007

4 The Wall Street Journal. Luhnow, David. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704254604574614230731506644.html

5 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

6 The Political Economy of Narco-Corruption in Mexico. Andreas, Peter. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Political_Science/people/documents/ThePoliticalEconomyofNarco-CorruptioninMexico.pdf.

7 Medellín, Jorge (28 de marzo de 2004.“Desertan 1,382 militares de elite.” Non-official translation: “1,382 elite militars were left out.” El Universal. http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=109186&tabla=nacion.

8 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

9 Cossio, Alejandro. Inside Mexico’s Drug Tunnels. Time Magazine http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1895418_1877455,00.html

10 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

11 Creechan, James. "An overview of drug cartels in Mexico" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology (ASC), Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, Nov 01, 2006

12 Mexico’s Drug War: Made in the US. Kingstone, Steve. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12014794

13 http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2010/March/20100329144439xjsnommis0.8794367.html

14 Mexico’s dead war: Number of deads passes 30,000. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12012425

15 Posted by a wide number of papers. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11234058

Gonzalo Turdera: Lex Duvalier: A Corrupt Politician's Worst Nightmare

1. Mercopress South Atlantic News Agency, February 2nd 2011, February 6th 2011, http://en.mercopress.com/2011/02/02/lex-duvalier-enables-switzerland-to-confiscate-and-repatriate-illicit-dictator-assets

2. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 2, Art. 2.

3. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 3, Art. 5.

4. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 3, Art. 6.

5. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 4, Art 9.

6. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 4, Art 8.

7. Swiss Embassy in Washinton DC, 2011, Lex Duvalier: Swiss Parliament Passed the Return of Illicit Assets Act, Ambassador Urs Ziswiler, Washington DC.

8. Michael Peel, July 11th 2010, World Bank – Financial Times, January 8th 2011, http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/star_site/news/western_europe_swiss_law.html

Florian Dantreuille: Haiti's Electoral Underworld

1. Haitilibre.com ''Haïti - Élections : L’ONU redoute d’importants troubles sociaux...'', 02/01/2011

2. Haitilibre.com ''Haiti - Elections : Tension rises pending the results...'' 02/02/2011

3. Haitilibre.com ''Haïti - Élections : Déclaration de Jude Célestin'' 02/04/2011

4. Haitilibre.com, ''February 7, a day like any other or not ?'', 02/07/2011

5. Lenouvelliste.com, ''Aristide, Martelly, carnaval'', 02/09/11

6. Haitilibre.com, ''Haïti - Élections : Mirlande Manigat ouverte à toutes les alliances...'' 02/12/2011

7. Haitilibre.com, ''Haïti - Politique : Le 7 février un jour pas comme les autres ?'', 02/07/11

8. Reuters.com ''Haiti protesters call for president Preval to quit'', 02/07/11

9. Courrierinternational.com ''Bébé Doc, la justice et l'impunité'', 01/20/11

10. Lenouvelliste.com, ''L'ex-président Aristide de retour en Haïti 'très bientôt' '' 02/09/11

11. BBCNews.com, “Haiti's ex-leader Aristide 'seeks no political role' “ , 02/09/2011

12. Lenouvelliste.com, ''Aristide, Martelly, carnaval'', 02/09/11

13. Haitilibre.com, ''Haiti - USA : The return of Aristide, an unfortunate distraction'' 02/09/2011

Lenouvelliste.com, ''Les USA s'inquiètent d'un retour d'Aristide avant les élections'' 02/09/11

14. Lenouvelliste.com, ''L'ANMH condamne l'assassinat de Jean-Richard Louis Charles'', 02/11/11

15. Cepr.net, ''In Haiti, Controversy over Election Continues; In U.S., Media Goes Silent'', 02/15/11

16. Lenouvelliste.com ''200 observateurs de l'OEA pour le second tour du scrutin'', 02/14/11

17. OAS.org, ''OAS Group of Friends of Haiti Reviews Preparations for Observing Second Round of Elections'', 02/11/11

18. Cepr.net, ''In Haiti, Controversy over Election Continues; In U.S., Media Goes Silent'', 02/15/11

Zoë Amerigian and Lindsey Pace - Gold Digging in Colombia: Mining Throughout Latin America

i. Campbell, Grant. Planning for Profits. “Report on Mining: South America.” 10 Feb 2011. 9 June 2010.

ii. Turner, Taos. Dow Jones Newswires. “South American Mining Industry Sees Investment Boom.” 10 Feb 2011. 26 April 2005. http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=485

iii. Kevany, Sophie. Fox Business. “Peru Mining Society Sees $10 Billion Investments 2011, 2012.” 10 Feb 2011. 8 Feb 2011. http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2011/02/08/peru-mining-society-sees-billion-investments/; Chilean Copper Commission.

iv. “Copper and Gold Mining Investment in Chile Estimations for 2010-2015.” 10 Feb 2011. May 2010. http://www.cochilco.cl/english/productos/doc/Copper_and_Gold_Mining_Investment_in_Chile.pdf

iv. Wacaster, Susan. U.S. Department of the Interior. “The Mineral Industry of Colombia.” 10 Feb 2011. 2009. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2009/myb3-2009-co.pdf

v. Ch2008, Colombia

vi. Latin American Herald Tribune. “Colombian Police Launch Offensive Against Illegal Mining.” 10 Feb 2011. http://laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=367983&CategoryId=12393

vii. “Security in Colombia: Guerrilla miners.” The Economist. 1/29/2011

viii. Aronowitz, Hannah. Colombia Reports. “Senate to address illegal mining.” 10 Feb 2011. 17 Jan 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/13759-paramilitaries-use-mining-to-launder-money.html

ix. Tuathail, Michael O. “Colombia's Gold Bonanza: Canadian Mining Leads to 'Economic Forced Displacement'”. Marmato http://upsidedownworld.org/main/colombia-archives-61/1202-colombias-gold-bonanza-canadian-mining-leads-to-economic-forced-displacement

x. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011.;

xi. Donicie, Camiel. “Multinationals 'on trial' for mining activities in Colombia”. May 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/9737-multinationals-on-trial-for-mining-activities-in-colombia.html

xii. Cerrejon Coal Company. SourceWatch http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cerrejon_Coal_Company#Corporate_Accountability

xiii. Enlazando Alternativas. “The European Union and Transnational Corporations in Latin America: Policies, instruments and actors complicit in the violations of People’s Rights.” May 14-15. Madrid. http://www.enlazandoalternativas.org/IMG/pdf/Dossier_ttp_english.pdf

xiv. Smith, Adrienne. CSR Wire. “Consumer campaign targets the $16 billion U.S. gold jewelry market.” 31 Jan 2011. 10 Feb 2004. http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/21410-New-U-S-Consumer-Campaign-Targets-One-of-the-World-s-Dirtiest-Industries-Gold-Mining

xv. Alsema, Adriaan. Colombia Reports. “Greystar Resources to build gold and silver mine in Colombia.” 27 Jan 2011. 12 Jan 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/7642-greystar-resources-to-build-gold-and-silver-mine-in-colombia.html

xvi. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/24/us-colombia-gold-idUSTRE70N68W20110124?pageNumber=1

xvii. Alsema, Adriaan. Colombia Reports. “Greystar Resources to build gold and silver mine in Colombia.” 27 Jan 2011. 12 Jan 2010.

xviii. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011. http://counterpunch.org/zarate01202011.html

xix. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011

xx. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011.

xxi. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011

xxii. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011.

xxiii. Latin American Herald Tribune. “Colombian Police Launch Offensive Against Illegal Mining.” 10 Feb 2011.

xxiv. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011.

xxv. GNP and GDP definitions found at http://www.investorwords.com/2186/GNP.html

xxvi. Shahriari, Sara. “A life in Bolivia's mines.” March 22, 2010. GlobalPost. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/bolivia/100316/bolivia-children-mines

xxvii. Shahriari, Sara. “A life in Bolivia’s mines.” March 22, 2010. GlobalPost. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/bolivia/100316/bolivia-children-mines

xxviii. Azul, Rafael. “Chile mine rescue exposes precarious working conditions.” Oct 18, 2010. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/oct2010/chil-o18.shtml

xxix. Armstrong, Paul and Basu, Moni. “Pinera: Mining conditions must improve” CNN World News. 10/18/2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-18/world/chile.miners.president_1_copper-mine-mining-industry-miners?_s=PM:WORLD

xxx. Azul, Rafael. “Chile mine rescue exposes precarious working conditions.” Oct 18, 2010. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/oct2010/chil-o18.shtml

xxxi. Langdon, Shanna. Project Underground. “Peru’s Yanacocha Mine.” 26 Jan 2011. Sep 2000.

xxxii. BBC News. “Peru’s gold rush sparks fears of ecological disaster.” Jan 27 2011. 20 Dec 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8411408.stm

xxxiii. Langdon, Shanna. Project Underground. “Peru’s Yanacocha Mine.” 26 Jan 2011. Sep 2000.

xxxiv. PubMed.gov “Mercury levels in inland waters of gold-mining areas in Redonia, Brazil.” 28 Jan 2011. Nov 1989.

xxxv. BBC News. “Peru’s gold rush sparks fears of ecological disaster.” Jan 27 2011. 20 Dec 2009.

Julissa Delgado: Looking Back at the Defeat of Chile's Concertación

1. "Encuesta UDP: Piñera Obtiene 54,1% De Apoyo Y Un 42,5% Quiere a Bachelet Como Próxima Presidenta." LA TERCERA. 20 Oct. 2010. Web. .

2. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/derecha/gana/primera/vuelta/Chile/elpepuint/20091214elpepuint_4/Tes

3. "Encuesta UDP: Piñera Obtiene 54,1% De Apoyo Y Un 42,5% Quiere a Bachelet Como Próxima Presidenta." LA TERCERA. 20 Oct. 2010. Web. .

4. Le Cour Grandmaison, Romain. "Chile: A Fading Concertación on the Road to Losing the Presidency?" Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 29 Jan. 2009. Web. .

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

Julissa Delgado: Portrait of a Pragmatist Statesman: Snorting Dragon Becomes a Lamb

1. Alsema, Adriaan. “Correa praises Santos after countries fully restore ties.” Colombia Reports. November 27, 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/13144-correa-praises-santos-after-countries-fully-restore-ties.html

2. Alsema, Adriaan. “Uribe saw US military pact as deterrent against possible Vzla agression.” Colombia Reports. December 18, 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/13456-uribe-saw-us-military-pact-as-deterrent-against-possible-venezuelan-agression.html

3. Ibid

4. Efe. “Santos dice que su mejor contribución es no pronunciarse sobre la ruptura.” El Mundo. July 22, 2010. http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/07/22/venezuela/1279826527.html

5.“Politics versus trade: Hugo Chávez stamps out regional economic integration.” The Economist. September 10, 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/14416724.

6. Murphy, Helen, and Daniel Candel. “Santos, Chavez Seek to End Colombia-Venezuela Spat.” Bloomberg. August 9, 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-09/santos-chavez-seek-to-end-colombia-venezuela-spat.html.

7. Murphy, Helen, and Charlie Devereux. “Chávez, Santos Meet to Rebuild `Destroyed' Colombia-Venezuela Trade Ties.”Bloomberg. August 10, 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-09/santos-chavez-seek-to-end-colombia-venezuela-spat.html

8. Forero, Juan. “Santos is a new breed of diplomat at Colombia's helm.” The Washington Post. December 26, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/26/AR2010122601853.html?sid