Money, Money, Money: Remittances and Microbanking in Haiti

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[1] “Haiti Earthquake Aid Pledged by Country.” The Guardian. 6 July 2011.http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations

[2] “Fast Facts: Haiti Earthquake.” Fox News.  13 January 2010. 29 June 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/01/13/fast-facts-haiti-earthquake/.

[3] “Hait Dominates Earthquake Casualties in 2010.” Science Daily. 17 January 2011. 15 July 2011.http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110117142732.htm.

[4] “Haiti: Speeding Earthquake Recovery ‘Absolute Priority for 2011, UN Says.” UN News Centre. 10 January 2011. 30 June 2011. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37240.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Haiti Remittances Key to Earthquake Recovery.” 17 May 2010. 29 June 2011. http://go.worldbank.org/3KYE4CEO00.

[7] “Remittances: Not Manna from Heaven.” The World Bank Office of the Chief Economist: Latin America and the Caribbean. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/EXTLACOFFICEOFCE/0,,contentMDK:21105202~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:870893,00.html

[8] “Latin America: Remittances Making a Healthy Recovery in 2010.”  The World Bank: Latin America and the Caribbean.http://go.worldbank.org/KV8J9WNTZ0. 8 November 2010. 1 July 2011.

[9] Close to Home, 4.

[10] “Remittances: Not Manna from Heaven.”

[11] Kouame, Auguste and Maria Ivanova Reyes. “The Caribbean Beyond the 2008-09 Global Financial Crisis,” 2.

[12]“Remittances to Caribbean Making Healthy Recovery Says World Bank.” Jamaica Observer. 12 November 2010. 27 June 2011.http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Remittances-to-Caribbean-making-healthy-recovery--says-World-Bank_8144155.

[13] “Remittances to Caribbean Making Healthy Recovery Says World Bank.” Jamaica Observer.

[14] CIA World Factbook.

[15] Costello, Daniel. “Can Microlending Save Haiti?” The New York Times. 13 November 2010. 7 July 2011.http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/business/global/14haiti.html?pagewanted=1.

[16] Costello, Daniel.

[17] Ibid.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Ibid.

Uncharted Territory in Guyanese Legislative Elections

[i] U.S. Department of State. "Background Note: Guyana." www.state.gov. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1984.htm#history (accessed June 9, 2011).

[ii] Ibid.

[iii] Ibid.

[iv] Ibid.

[v] Watkins, Thayer. "Political and Economic History of Guyana." www.sjsu.edu. http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/guyana.htm (accessed June 9, 2011).

[vi] Hinds, David. "Guyana: A Short Political History." www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com. www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com/commentary/hinds_guyana.html (accessed June 15, 2011).

[vii] Woolford, Hazel. "A history of political alliances in Guyana: 1953-1999." www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com. http://www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com/commentary/history_guyana1953-1997.html (accessed June 9, 2011).

[viii] U.S. Department of State.

[ix] Watkins.

[x] Smith, Raymond T.  “Guyanese Politics.” http://home.uchicago.edu.  http://home.uchicago.edu/~rts1/guyanese.htm (accessed June 20, 2011).

[xi] U.S. Department of State.

[xii] Ibid.

[xiii] Watkins.

[xiv] U.S. Department of State.

[xv] Ibid.

[xvi] "Robust Growth to Continue." www.latinamericamonitor.com. http://www.latinamericamonitor.com/file/100488/robust-growth-to-continue.html (accessed June 17, 2011).

[xvii] "Guyana GDP per Capita at current prices in US dollars." www.tradingeconomics.com. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/guyana/gdp-per-capita-at-current-prices-in-us-dollars-imf-data.html (accessed July 6, 2011).

[xviii] "Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results." www.transparency.org. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results (accessed June 16, 2011).

[xix] " Polar Beer scam case collapses for want of prosecution." www.stabroeknews.com. http://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/news/stories/06/01/polar-beer-scam-case-collapses-for-want-of-prosecution/ (accessed June 21, 2011).

[xx] Carrington, William, and Enrica Detragiache. "How Extensive Is the Brain Drain?." www.imf.org. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/pdf/carringt.pdf (accessed June 17, 2011).

[xxi] "Diversification South Bolstering Stability." www.latinamericamonitor.com. http://www.latinamericamonitor.com/file/89126/diversification-south-bolstering-stability.html (accessed June 21, 2011).

[xxii] "Granger congratulates Ramotar, wants clean campaign." www.guyanavotes.com. http://www.guyanavotes.com/2011/04/06/granger-congratulates-ramotar-wants-clean-campaign/ (accessed June 15, 2011).

[xxiii] "No New Ideas, Let's Continue The Existing Policies Says Ramotar." www.guyanapress.com. http://www.guyanapress.com/?p=7606 (accessed June 21, 2011).

[xxiv] "PNCR Presidential nominees urged to remain involved in financing, campaigning for 2011 general election." www.guyanavotes.com. http://www.guyanavotes.com/2011/02/26/pncr-presidential-nominees-urged-to-remain-involved-in-financing-campaigning-for-2011-general-election/ (accessed June 16, 2011).

[xxv] "David Granger wins PNCR presidential candidacy; Faith Harding complains about uneven playing field." www.guyanavotes.com. http://www.guyanavotes.com/2011/02/27/david-granger-wins-pncr-presidential-candidacy-faith-harding-complains-about-uneven-playing-field/ (accessed June 21, 2011).

[xxvi] Guyana’s 2011 Presidential Candidate—David Granger [video]. www.youtube.com.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFPH94SJBSs (accessed June 21, 2011).

[xxvii] Hergash, Harry . "Expectations for the National 2011 Elections in Guyana." www.guyanajournal.com. http://www.guyanajournal.com/Elections2011_Hergash.html (accessed June 17, 2011).

[xxviii] "PNC/R changes age old name as the joint opposition goes in to the 2011 elections.." www.caribbeantrakker.com. http://www.caribbeantrakker.com/2011/06/pncr-changes-age-old-name-as-the-joint-opposition-goes-in-to-the-2011-elections/ (accessed June 21, 2011).

[xxix] Lawrence, Derrick.  Personal Interview.  June 21, 2011.

[xxx] "AFC Says They Will Not Join Any Coalition." www.guyanapress.com. http://www.guyanapress.com/?p=8134 (accessed June 21, 2011).

[xxxi] Ramjattan, Khemraj.  Personal Interview.  June 25, 2011.

[xxxii] Ibid.

[xxxiii] Ibid.

[xxxiv] Ibid.

Reducing Illegal Immigration from Mexico: A Politically-Dependant FDI-Focused Approach

1 For example, Spain’s entry into the E.U. did not, contrary to what was predicted by neoclassical economic theory at the time, increase migration to Northern Europe despite a significant wage difference. On the contrary, in 1991, after Spain’s accession into the E.U. for the first time in history Spain actually received more migrants than it was sending out. During an economic boom from 1967 to 1973, Spain was sending out around 200,000 workers per year. This included all classifications, both permanent and temporary. A recession in 1974 brought the outflow to practically zero, but after 1977 , emigration levels rose once again and continued into the 1980’s. The theory that Spain’s E.U. membership would cause hordes of Spanish immigrants northward into already established areas of the E.U. was legitimate then both in theory and in practice. Preceding data taken from Princeton University professor of Sociology Dr. Douglas Massey. See citation the following for a link to the above data: http://www.millermccune.com/politics/caution-nafta-at-work-4726/ Additionally, see Breuss’ “Macroeconomic Effects of E.U. Enlargement for Old and New Members” who finds that, with all standard integration policies (customs union, single market, and economic and monetary union (EMU)), migration from Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries declined in the long run as a direct result of heightened FDI levels from previously existing E.U. member states: http://fritz.breuss.wifo.ac.at/wp143.pdf. Also see “Cross Border Trade Union Collaboration in the Context of Competition and Arbitrage Labour in an Enlarged Europe” by Fitzgerald et al. who confirm the above findings as true among central and eastern European (CEE) countries: http://northumbria.openrepository.com/northumbria/bitstream/10145/129065/1/Fitzgerald_Cross%20Border%20Trade%20Union%20Collaboration.pdf


* The term “cohesion policy” is synonymous with the “regional policy of the E.U.” and here specifically refers to the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), European Social Fund (ESF) and European Cohesion Fund implemented for FDI-host countries to meet the Maastricht Criteria for entering into the 3rd stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).

2 Massey, Douglas. ""Caution: NAFTA at Work"" Miller-McCune. Miller-McCune.com. Web. 28 June 2011. .

3 See citation on pg. #1.

4 Büthe, Tim, and Helen V. Milner. "The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries: Increasing FDI through International Trade Agreements?" American Journal of Political Science 52.4 (2008): 741-62. Wiley Libraries. Web. 28 June 2011. .

5 Busse, Matthias, and Carsten Hefeker. "Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment by Matthias Busse, Carsten Hefeker :: SSRN." Social Science Research Network. Web. 28 June 2011. .

6 World Investment and Political Risk 2009." (2009). Www.miga.org. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. Web. 6 June 2011. .

7 Habib M., and L. Zurawicki. "Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment." Journal of International Business Studies 33.2 (2002): 291-307. Print.

8 Elbel, Fred K. "Amnesty for Illegal Aliens." The American Resistance Foundation. Web. 29 June 2011. .l

9 Camarota, Steven A. "Center for Immigration Studies." Www.cis.org. Center for Immigration Studies. Web. 29 June 2011.

10 Mann, Juann P. "Amnesty Betrayals Past And Present —A Handy Reference Guide." Www.vdare.com. Vdare.com, 30 Aug. 2004. Web. 29 June 2011. .



11 "U.S. Amnesties for Illegal Aliens." Www.nassaucivic.com. Nassau County Civic Association Inc. Web. 29 June 2011. .



12 Congressional Research Service. Mexico's Drug-Related Violence. By June S. Beitell. CRS Report for Congress. R40582. Www.fas.org, 27 May 2009. Web. 29 June 2011. .

13 Congressional Research Service. Mexico's Drug-Related Violence. By June S. Beitell. CRS Report for Congress. R40582. Www.fas.org, 27 May 2009. Web. 29 June 2011. .

14 Testimony of David T. Johnson, Assistant Secretary, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, before the Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, Related Programs of House Committee on

Appropriations, March 10, 2009.

15 Congressional Research Service. CRS Report for Congress. By June S. Beitell. 7 Jan. 2011. Web. 29 June 2011. .

16 Congressional Research Service. Mexico's Drug-Related Violence. By June S. Beitell. CRS Report for Congress. R40582. Www.fas.org, 27 May 2009. Web. 29 June 2011. .

17 Negroponte, Diana V. "Interview with Dr. Diana Villiers Negroponte." Personal Interview. 16th June 2011.

18 Ibid.

19 U.S. Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR),Volume 1, March 1, 2010, at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/137411.pdf; CRS consultation with the Drug Enforcement Administration, December 20, 2010.

20 http://insightcrime.org/criminal-activities/drug-trafficking/item/504-drug-trafficking

21 http://insightcrime.org/criminal-activities/drug-trafficking/item/504-drug-trafficking

22 Ibid.

23 http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/govpubs/amhab/amhabc3.htm,

24 http://www.boitano.net/investigation/Mexican%20Drug%20lords/Drug%20lords%20rose%20to%20power%20when%20Mexicans%20ousted%20old%20government%20-%20Yahoo$21%20News.htm

25 Congressional Research Service. CRS Report for Congress. By June S. Beitell. 7 Jan. 2011. Web. 29 June 2011. .

26 Ibid.

27 Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mexico Politics: Whither the War on Drugs?,” September 2, 2010.



28 Felbab-Brown, Vanda. "Interview with Dr. Vanda Felbab-Brown." Personal interview. 28 May 2011.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.

Brazil's Deforestation Quagmire

[1] "Brazil: Amazon Rainforest Deforestation Rises Sharply." British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 May 2011. Web. 21 June 2011. .

[2] Nielsen, Stephan. "Amazon Deforestation Rates Double as Farmers Anticipate Pardons." Bloomberg. 1 July 2011. Web. 05 July 2011. .

[3] "Brazil Amazon: Sixth Murder since May amid Land Rows." British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 June 2011. Web. 21 June 2011. .

[4] Brooks, Bradley. "Brazil's Lower House Approves Looser Forest Protections." The Washington Post. Associated Press, 25 May 2011. Web. 21 June 2011. .

[5] ibid.

[6] Butler, Rhett A. "Deforestation in the Amazon." Mongabay.com. Web. 21 June 2011. .

[7] ibid.

[8] "Brazilian Laws - the Federal Constitution - The Economic and Financial Order." Brazil - Travel, Political and Cultural Information. Web. 22 June 2011. .

[9] Crittenden, Elizabeth A. "Amazon Deforestation and Brazil Land Problems." American University. N.p., 

1997. Web. 22 June 2011.

[10] Alston, Lee J., Gary D. Libecap, and Bernardo Mueller. Land Reform Policies: The Sources of Violent 

Conflict and Implications for Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Indiana University. N.p.,
July 1999. Web. 22 June 2011.

[11] Robinson, Kaleigh. "Progress on Amazon Deforestation and Land Reform." WRI Digest 8 Sept. 2009: n. 

pag. Web. 22 June 2011.
progress-amazonian-deforestation-and-land-reform>.

[12] Ibid.

[13] Rone, Jemera. Rural Violence in Brazil. Ed. Robert Kimzey. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 1991. Print.

[14] Brooks, Bradley. "Adelino Ramos Killed: Third Environmental Activist Murdered This Week in Brazil." The Huffington Post. Associated Press, 28 May 2011. Web. 22 June 2011. .

[15] Rone, Jemera. Rural Violence in Brazil. Ed. Robert Kimzey. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 1991. Print.

[16] Brooks, Bradley. "Adelino Ramos Killed: Third Environmental Activist Murdered This Week in Brazil." The Huffington Post. Associated Press, 28 May 2011. Web. 22 June 2011. .

[17] Brooks, Bradley. "Brazil's Lower House Approves Looser Forest Protections." The Washington Post. Associated Press, 25 May 2011. Web. 21 June 2011. .

[18] Black, Richard. "Money in Trees: The Poor End of Forest Protection." Online posting. British Broadcasting Corporation. 4 May 2011. Web. 22 June 2011. .

[19] De Castro Dias, Peri, and Leandro Ramos. "Big Conservation Success in the Amazon." The Nature Conservancy. 8 Apr. 2011. Web. 22 June 2011. .

The Great Peruvian Guano Bonanza: Rise, Fall, and Legacy

 [i] A.J. Duffield Peru in the Guano Age; Being a Short Account of a Recent Visit to the Guano Deposits, with Some Reflections on the Money They Have Produced and the Uses to Which It Has Been Applied (London: R. Bentley and Son, 1877)

[ii] Ibid, 9

[iii] Simon Romero. "Peru Guards Its Guano as Demand Soars." The New York Times. 30 May 2008

[iv] Shane J. Hunt "Growth and Guano in Nineteenth Century Per." Research Program in Economic Development 34 (1973): 1-123, P. 5.

[v] Phillip Arestis and Peter Howells. "The 1520-1640 "Great Inflation": An Early Case of Controversy on the Nature of Money." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics Winter 24.2 (2001): 181-203, P. 199.

[vi] The History Files “American Colonies - Peru." 10 Dec. 2008.

[vii] V. Bulmer-Thomas. The Economic History of Latin America since Independence. (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 2003.) P. 19.

[viii] Catalina Vizcarra. "Guano, Credible Commitments, and State Finances in Nineteenth-Century Peru." (2006): 1-50. UCLA Center for Economic History. P. 7.

[ix] U.S. Country Studies, “Peru - THE GUANO ERA.”

[x] John P Olinger. "The Guano Age in Peru." History Today June 1980.

[xi] Juan C Calligros. "REINVENTING THE CITY OF THE KINGS: POSTCOLONIAL MODERNIZATIONS OF LIMA, 1845-1930." (2007) Diss. University of Florida, FCLA. P. 59.

[xii] Hunt

[xiii] Jean Piel. "The Place of The Peasantry In The National Life Of Peru In The Nineteenth Century." Past and Present 46.1 (1970): 108-33, P. 20.

[xiv] Stephen M Gorman. "The State, Elite, and Export in Nineteenth Century Peru: Toward an Alternative Reinterpretation of Political Change." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 21.3 (1979): 395-418, P. 401.

[xv] Ibid, 396

[xvi] Ibid, 406

[xvii] Jesus Chavarria. "Crisis of Modern Peruvian Nationalism." Hispanic American Historical Review 50.2 (1970): 257-78, P. 259.

[xviii] Pete Lesher. "A Load of Guano: Baltimore and the Fertilizer Trade in." The Northern Mariner 18.3-4 (2008): 121-28, P. 125

[xix] Graciela L Kaminsky. "Two Hundred Years of Financial Integration:Latin America since Independence." George Washington and NBER (2009), P. 5.

[xx] Olinger

[xxi] Hunt, 42

[xxii] "Peru GDP Growth Rate." TradingEconomics.com - Free Indicators for 231 Countries..

[xxiii] Rick Vecchio. "China Overtakes U.S. as Peru’s Top Destination for Exports in Jan-Feb." Peruvian Times Online English. Peruvian Times, 4 Apr. 2011.

[xxiv] Trading Economics

[xxv] “Peru's Non-traditional Exports Grew 38.4% in January." Andina. Agencia Peruana De Noticias, 13 Mar. 2011.

[xxvi] “Peru's Non-traditional Exports Jumped 27.6% to US$751mln. in April." Andina. Agencia Peruana De Noticias, 5 June 2011. .

[xxvii] "Poverty Decreases in Peru but Still Affects One Third of Population." Living in Peru : Peru News and Peru Travel. 19 May 2011.

[xxviii] Salazar Milagros. "PERU: Upbeat Poverty Stats Questioned - IPS Ipsnews.net." IPS Inter Press Service. 29 May 2008. .

[xxix] Romero

Paraguay Makes Step Forward for Women’s and Indigenous Rights

1 Logie, Phyllis. "Women's Rights in Paraguay." Www.wikinut.com. Wikinut, 12 Apr. 2011. Web. 06 July 2011. .

2 "Gender Equality and Social Institutions in Paraguay." www.genderindex.org. Social Institutions and Gender Index. Web. 06 July 2011. .

3 Ibid.

4 "Paraguay: Country Assessment on Violence Against Women." United Nations Population Fund. Web. 6 July 2011. .

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid. Also see reference for citation #2.

7 Ibid.

8 "United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues." Www.un.org. United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Web. 6 July 2011. .

9 Ibid.

10 "United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues." Www.un.org. United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Web. 6 July 2011. .

11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.

12 "Paraguay Focuses on Women's and Indigenous Rights at U.N. Conference." Latin America Current Events and News. Web. 6 July 2011. .

13 Hoffman, Matthew C. "Under U.N. Pressure, Paraguay Agrees to ‘Open Debate’ on Abortion Issue." Www.lifesitenews.com, 10 June 2011. Web. 06 July 2011. .

F-35, an expensive mistake for the Canadian Forces

Air Power Australia. “F-35 JSF: Can It Meet Canada’s Needs.”  Last modified June 17, 2011.
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-191010-1.html.

Austen, Ian. “In Canada, Opposition Grows to Purchase 65 Fighter Jets.” New York Times, March 20,  2011. Accessed June 15, 2011,  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/business/global/11fighter.html.

Baker, Richard. “Jets dearer than admitted.” The Age, July 9, 2007. Accessed June 16, 2011,             http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/f35-dearer-than-admitted/2007/07/08/1183833344654.html.

CTV, “Canadian jets repelled Russian bombers: Mackay.” CTV. July 30, 2010. Accessed June 21, 2011.

http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20100730/jets-intercepted-100730/.

Defense Industry Daily. “Canada Preparing to Replace its CF-18 Hornets.” Defense Industry Daily,             March 24, 2011. Accessed June 15, 2011, http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Canada-            Preparing-to-Replace-its-CF-18-Hornets-05739/.

Laverty, Gene. “Finance Minister Says Canada Deficit Will Be More Than C$50 Billion.” Bloomberg,             Sep 17, 2011. Accessed June 16, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-17/finance-            minister-says-canada-deficit-will-be-more-than-c-50-billion.html.

Lockheed Martin. “5^th Generation Fighters.” accessed June 15, 2011.
http://www.lockheedmartin.com/capabilities/air_power/5th-gen/index.html.

Pugliese, David. “Defense News: F-35 Likely To Shape Canadian Election.” Defense News, March 21,             2011. Accessed June 16, 2011, http://www.rideauinstitute.ca/2011/04/01/defense-news-f-35-            likely-to-shape-canadian-election/.

Staples, Steven. Pilot Error: Why the F-35 stealth fighter is wrong for Canada. (Ottawa: Canada Centre             for Policy Alternatives, 2010).

The Canadian Press. “Key election campaign promises so far from the federal parties.” CTV, April 14,
2011. Accessed June 15, 2011. http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/SpecialEvent7/20110402/key-            campaign-election-promises-040102/?s_name=election2011.

Trimble, Stephen. “Canada special: F-35 wins election.” Flight International, May 23, 2011. Accessed             June 16, 2011, http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/05/23/356986/canada-special-f-35-            wins-election.html.

Tyson, Ann Scott and Dana Hedgpeth. “Officials Say Hackers Didn’t Steal Critical Data About New             Fighter Jet.” The Washington Post, April 22, 2009. Accessed June 15, 2011,             http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/21/AR2009042103938.html.

Wilner, Alex and Macro Wyss. “The Case for the F-35,” National Post, May 16, 2011. Accessed June 16,             2011, http://www.nationalpost.com/todays-paper/case/4788002/story.html.

Williams, Alan. “Let’s be honest about those price tag on those planes.” March 23, 2011. Accessed June             16, 2011,             http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/honest+about+price+those+planes/4487664/story.html?id            =4487664.

World Tribune. “Dutch Parliament shocked as cost of F-35 fighter rises to 120 million.” World Tribune,             December 8, 2010. Accessed June 16, 2011,             http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/eu_military1218_12_08.asp.

Yalkin, Tolga R. and Peter Weltman. “An Estimate of the Fiscal Impact of Canada’s Proposed  Acquisition of the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter.” Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer, March 10, 2011. Accessed June 16, 2011, http://www.parl.gc.ca/pbo-dpb/documents/F- 35_Cost_Estimate_EN.pdf.

---

[i] The Canadian Press, “Key election campaign promises so far from the federal parties,” CTV, April 14, 2011, accessed June 15, 2011, http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/SpecialEvent7/20110402/key-campaign-election-promises-040102/?s_name=election2011.

[ii] Tolga R. Yalkin and Peter Weltman, “An Estimate of the Fiscal Impact of Canada’s Proposed Acquisition of the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter,” Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer, March 10, 2011, accessed June 16, 2011,http://www.parl.gc.ca/pbo-dpb/documents/F-35_Cost_Estimate_EN.pdf.

[iii] Alan Williams, “Let’s be honest about those price tag on those planes,” March 23, 2011, accessed June 16, 2011,http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/honest+about+price+those+planes/4487664/story.html?id=4487664.

[iv] “5^th Generation Aircraft Fighters” Lockheed Martin, accessed June 15, 2011,http://www.lockheedmartin.com/capabilities/air_power/5th-gen/index.html.

[v] Ibid.,

[vi] Defense Industry Daily, “Canada Preparing to Replace its CF-18 Hornets,” Defense Industry Daily, March 24, 2011, accessed June 15, 2011, http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Canada-Preparing-to-Replace-its-CF-18-Hornets-05739/.

[vii] Ian Austen, “In Canada, Opposition Grows to Purchase 65 Fighter Jets,” New York Times, March 20, 2011, accessed June 15, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/business/global/11fighter.html.

[viii] Alex Wilner and Macro Wyss, “The Case for the F-35,” National Post, May 16, 2011, accessed June 16, 2011,http://www.nationalpost.com/todays-paper/case/4788002/story.html.

[ix] Richard Baker, “Jets dearer than admitted,” The Age, July 9, 2007, accessed June 16, 2011,http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/f35-dearer-than-admitted/2007/07/08/1183833344654.html.

[x]Williams, “Let’s be honest about those price tag on those planes,”

[xi] David Pugliese, “Defense News: F-35 Likely To Shape Canadian Election,” Defense News, March 21, 2011, accessed June 16, 2011, http://www.rideauinstitute.ca/2011/04/01/defense-news-f-35-likely-to-shape-canadian-election/.

[xii] Williams, “Let’s be honest about those price tag on those planes,”

[xiii] World Tribune, “Dutch Parliament shocked as cost of F-35 fighter rises to 120 million,” World Tribune, December 8, 2010, accessed June 16, 2011, http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/eu_military1218_12_08.asp.

[xiv] Ibid.,

[xv] Ibid.,

[xvi] Gene Laverty, “Finance Minister Says Canada Deficit Will Be More Than C$50 Billion,” Bloomberg, Sep 17, 2011, accessed June 16, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-17/finance-minister-says-canada-deficit-will-be-more-than-c-50-billion.html.

[xvii] Williams, “Let’s be honest about those price tag on those planes,”

[xviii] Staples, Pilot Error: Why the F-35 stealth fighter is wrong for Canada, 5-6.

[xix] CTV, “Canadian jets repelled Russian bombers: Mackay,” CTV, July 30, 2010, accessed June 21, 2011.http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20100730/jets-intercepted-100730/.

[xx] Steven Staples, Pilot Error: Why the F-35 stealth fighter is wrong for Canada, (Ottawa: Canada Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2010), 6.

[xxi] Bill Robinson, “Canadian military spending 2010-2011” Foreign policy Series (2011), 4.

[xxii] F-35 JSF: “Can It Meet Canada’s Needs,” last modified June 17, 2011, Air Power Australia,http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-191010-1.html.

[xxiii] Ibid.,

[xxiv] Yalkin and Weltman, “An Estimate of the Fiscal Impact of Canada’s Proposed Acquisition of the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter,”

[xxv] Staples, Pilot Error: Why the F-35 stealth fighter is wrong for Canada, 4.

[xxvi] Ibid., 4

[xxvii] Ibid., 4

[xxviii] Robinson, “Canadian military spending 2010-2011,” 4.

[xxix] “Peacekeeping.” Canadian Soldiers, accessed June 29, 2011.http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/peacekeeping/peacekeeping.htm

[xxx] Staples, “Costly purchase of F-35 stealth fighters wrong for Canada,” 3.