WikiLeaks Cables Show Haiti as Pawn in U.S. Foreign Policy

[1] United Nations Development Program, “Fast Facts Haiti,” http://www.undp.org/cpr/whats_new/Regions/haiti.shtml.

[2] Dan Coughlin and Kim Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files,” The Nation, 1 June 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161056/wikileaks-haiti-Petrocaribe-files?page=0,0

[3] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files.”

[4] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files.”

[5] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files.”

[6] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files.”

[7] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files.”

[8] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files.”

[9] Adam Clark Estes, “America’s Awful Treatment of Haiti, According to WikiLeaks,” The Atlantic Wire, 7 June 2011, http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2011/06/us-haiti-wikileaks-minimum-wage-Petrocaribe/38579/.

[10] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: The Petrocaribe Files.”

[11] Robert Johnson, “WIKILEAKS: U.S. Fought to Lower Minimum Wage in Haiti so Hanes and Levis Would Stay Cheap,” The Business Insider, 3 June 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/wikileaks-haiti-minimum-wage-the-nation-2011-6.

[12] Dan Coughlin and Kim Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Let Them Live on $3 a Day,” 1 June 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161057/wikileaks-haiti-let-them-live-3day

[13] Dan Coughlin and Kim Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Let Them Live on $3 a Day,” 1 June 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161057/wikileaks-haiti-let-them-live-3day

[14] Estes, “America’s Awful Treatment of Haiti, According to WikiLeaks.”

[15] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Let Them Live on $3 a Day.”

[16] Robert Johnson, “WIKILEAKS: U.S. Fought to Lower Minimum Wage in Haiti so Hanes and Levis Would Stay Cheap,” The Business Insider, 3 June 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/wikileaks-haiti-minimum-wage-the-nation-2011-6.

[17] Dan Coughlin and Kim Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Cable Depicts Fraudulent Haiti Election,” The Nation, 8 June 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161216/wikileaks-haiti-cable-depicts-fraudulent-haiti-election

[18] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Cable Depicts Fraudulent Haiti Election.”

[19] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Cable Depicts Fraudulent Haiti Election.”

[20] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Cable Depicts Fraudulent Haiti Election.”

[21] “CEP Bans Fanmi Lavalas from Upcoming Elections, International Community Gives Green Light,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, 30 July 2010,  http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/relief-and-reconstruction-watch/cep-bans-fanmi-lavalas-from-upcoming-elections-international-community-gives-green-light

[22] Coughlin and Ives, “WikiLeaks Haiti: Cable Depicts Fraudulent Haiti Election.”

Honduras is Open for Business

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[1] Honduras, Ministry of Foreign Relations, Honduras Is Open for Business, by Honduran Government, accessed May 27, 2011, http://www.hondurasisopenforbusiness.com/en/index.php.

[2] Honduras, Ministry of Foreign Relations, Honduras Is Open for Business: Country Profile, by Government of Honduras, April 2011, accessed May 15, 2011, http://www.hondurasisopenforbusiness.com/files/Honduras_a_Country_Open_for_Investment.pdf.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Bradford DeLong, "Between Meltdown and Moral Hazard: The International Monetary and Financial Policies of the Clinton Administration," proceedings of He Economic Policies of the Clinton Administration, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, May 2001, accessed May 20, 2011, http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/Econ_Articles/CIEP/CIEP_revision06102001.PDF.

[6] Paul Krugman, "CRISES" (lecture, Nobel Prize), accessed March 18, 2011, http://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/CRISES.pdf

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid, 28.

[9] The Economist. "Economics A-Z." The Economist. Accessed July 26, 2011. http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic.cfm?letter=S.

[10] Ibid, 28.

[11] Honduras, Ministry of Foreign Relations, Honduras Is Open for Business: Country Profile, by Government of Honduras, April 2011, accessed May 15, 2011, http://www.hondurasisopenforbusiness.com/files/Honduras_a_Country_Open_for_Investment.pdf.

[12] Harvey S. Rosen, Public Finance in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2008), 200.

[13] Harvey S. Rosen, Public Finance in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2008), 245.

[14] United States, Congressional Research Service, Latin American Affairs,Federation of American Scientists, by Peter J. Meyer, February 1, 2010, Sanctions, accessed July 7, 2011, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41064.pdf.

[15] Ibid, 7.

[16] Thomas A. Pugel, International Economics, 14th ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2009), 45.

[17] Charles Oman and Ganeshan Wignaraja, The Postwar Evolution of Development Thinking (New York: St.Martin's Press, 1991), 27.

[18] The Economist, "South Korea's Industrial Giants: The Chaebol Conundrum | The Economist," The Economist, March 31, 2011, Leaders, accessed July 07, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/15816756.

[19] Note: Although the crisis is ‘officially’ over, and the international community agrees with this, there are still a lot of very pressing problems in Honduras that make it difficult to believe that this turmoil is over. Political tensions between the FNRP and other parties still exists, Zelaya continues with his rhetoric, security problems are imminent especially in the are of organized crime, and the economic repercussions of the crisis continue to be felt.

[20] Hugo Llorens, "Remarks Delivered by Ambassador Hugo Llorens on “Honduras Is Open for Business”," Embassy of the United States Tegucigalpa, Honduras, January 12, 2011, accessed July 11, 2011, http://honduras.usembassy.gov/sp-01-12-11-eng.html.

[21] Mario Bustillo, "Interview with the Executive Director of the Chamber of Commerce in Tegucigalpa, Honduras," interview by Aida Alvarenga, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, May 17, 2011.

[22] Dow Jones Newswires, "S&P Raises Rating Outlook On Honduras To Positive From Stable," The Wall Street Journal, June 14, 2011, Business, accessed June 15, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110614-710386.html.

[23] Gerardo Torres, "Honduras Is NOT Open for Business," Frente Nacional De Resistencia Popular - Sitio Oficial, May 9, 2011, accessed July 11, 2011, http://www.resistenciahonduras.net/index.php?option=com_content.

[24] Lisa Sullivan, "Honduras Is Open for Plunder," SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas, May 10, 2011, accessed July 11, 2011, http://soaw.org/about-us/partnership-america-latina/212-delegations/3697-honduras-is-open-for-business-plunder.

[25] UNHCR. "Month of Violence Turns Honduras into World's Most Dangerous Country for Journalists." UNHCR Ref World. April 2, 2010. Accessed July 26, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,RSF,,HND,,4bc2cd2d2c,0.html.

[26] McGuire, Mary. "Freedom House Condemns Recent Murders, Attacks on Honduran Journalists." Freedom House. May 26, 2011. Accessed July 26, 2011. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=1421.

 

[27] El Heraldo. "Identifican a Policía Entre Los Secuestradores - Sucesos - ElHeraldo.hn." El Heraldo Noticias. July 25, 2011. Accessed July 26, 2011. http://www.elheraldo.hn/Sucesos/Ediciones/2011/07/25/Noticias/Identifican-a-policia-entre-los-secuestradores.

[28] Taipei Times, "Taiwan, Honduras Sign Investment Cooperation Deal," May 8, 2011, accessed May 15, 2011, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2011/05/08/2003502666.

[29] La Tribuna, Honduras, "Carne De Pollo De Honduras Será “devorada” En Jordania," May 18, 2011, Economia, accessed May 18, 2011, http://www.latribuna.hn/2011/05/18/carne-de-pollo-de-honduras-sera-%E2%80%9Cdevorada%E2%80%9D-en-jordania/.

The Politics of the Absurd: Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL) Proposes to Yield his Mighty Rhetorical Sword

[i]Josh Rogin, "House Panel Votes to Defund the OAS," The Cable | FOREIGN POLICY, July 20, 2011, accessed July 20, 2011,http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/07/20/ house_panel_votes_to_defund_the_oas.

[ii] United States. Congress. House of Representatives. Hot Topics: H.R. 1 (112th Congress) Appropriations. By Office of the Clerk. Accessed July 20, 2011. http://library.clerk.house.gov/hot.aspx.

[iii] House, Foreign Affairs Committee, A BILL To Authorize Appropriations for the Department of State for Fiscal Year 2012, and for Other Purposes., by Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, 112th Cong., 1st sess., H. Bill, 8.

[iv] Josh Rogin, "House Panel Votes to Defund the OAS," The Cable | FOREIGN POLICY, July 20, 2011, accessed July 20, 2011, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/07/20/ house_panel_votes_to_defund_the_oas.

[v] Ibid.

[vi] Ibid.

[vii] Josh Rogin, "House Panel Votes to Defund the OAS," The Cable | FOREIGN POLICY, July 20, 2011, accessed July 20, 2011, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/07/20/ house_panel_votes_to_defund_the_oas.

[viii] Organization of American States. "OAS : Who We Are." Democracy for Peace, Security, and Development. Accessed July 21, 2011. http://www.oas.org/en/about/who_we_are.asp.

[ix] Organization of American States, "Multilateral Treaties & Agreements," OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for Peace, Security, and Development, accessed July 20, 2011, http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_A-41_Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.htm.

[x] Sean Bartlett, "The Organization of American States: On Its Deathbed?," Worldpress.org, October 28, 2007, accessed July 21, 2011, http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/2977.cfm

[xi] http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0711/59525.html

Hidden Hegemony: Canadian Mining in Latin America

[i.] Gordon, Todd and Webber, Jeffery R. 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin                 America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 70

[ii.] Derek Abma, "Our halo is wearing thin amid business scandals," Vancouver Sun, July 1, 2011, accessed July            5, 2011, http://www.vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=5034584&sponsor=.

[iii.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 72

[iv.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 67-8

[v.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 66

[vi.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1,

[vii.] Stephen J. Randall, "Canada, the Caribbean and Latin America: Trade, Investment and Political Challenges,"         Canadian International Council, accessed July 7, 2011, http://www.opencanada.org/wp-    content/uploads/2011/05/Canada-the-Caribbean-and-Latin-America_-Trade-Investment-and-        Political-Challenges-Stephen-J.-Randall.pdf.

[viii.] Ibid.

[ix.] "Historical Exchange Rates," Accessed July 8, 2011, Oanda.com, http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-          rates/.

[x.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 69

[xi.] "Statement Of Senator Patrick Leahy On Violence Against Antimining Activists In El      Salvador,"             Accessed July 21, 2011, The Office of Senator Patrick Healy,      http://leahy.senate.gov/press/press_releases/release/?id=e29a4642-bd56-46e1-  bda8-                94799fff9e53

[xii.]Edgardo Ayala. " Radio Station under Threat in Mining Region," Accessed July, 21, 2011, Inter Press Service,                 http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=56111

[xiii.] Ibid.

[xiv.] Ibid.

[xv.] Ibid.

[xvi.] Ibid.

[xvii.] Derek Abma, "Our halo is wearing thin amid business scandals," Vancouver Sun, July 1, 2011, accessed July            5, 2011, http://www.vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=5034584&sponsor=.

[xviii.] Ibid.

[xix.] "Investing in Conflict, Public Money, Private Gain: Goldcorp in the Americas," Rights Action, Accessed June            22, 2011, http://www.rightsaction.org/Reports/research.pdf.

[xx.] Ibid.

[xi.] Ibid.

[xii.] Ibid.

[xiii.] Ibid.

[xiv.] Ibid.

[xv.] Ibid.

[xvi.] Ibid.

[xvii.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 64

[xviii.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 69

[xxix.] Joan Russow, "Canada Day 2011: 100 Reasons to Not Celebrate," Pacific Free Press, July            1, 2011,                 Accessed July 7, 2011, http://www.pacificfreepress.com/news/1-/9099-100-reasons-to-not-      celebrate-canada-day.html.

[xxx.] Ibid.

[xxxi.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 70

[xxxii.] Ibid.

[xxxiii.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 68

[xxxiv.] Todd Gordon and Jeffery R. Webber, 'Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America', Third World Quarterly, 29:1, 72

[xxxv.] Lucien Chauvin, " Peru's Airport Siege: A Bad Omen for the New President," Time, June                 27, 2011,               Accessed July 7, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/world/article         /0,8599,2079964,00.html#ixzz1RWaxRMv0.

[xxxvi] Ibid.

Inequality and Poverty in Latin America: Can the Decline Continue?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[i]Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009, U.S. Census Bureau (Washington, D.C., September 2010) http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p60-238.pdf; United Nations Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean (2010).

[ii]Lustig, Nora. “Is Latin America Becoming Less Unequal?” In Breaking Away from Complacency: An Agenda for Resurgence, 141-164. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication Inc., 2010.

[iii] United Nation Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2010, http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/4/41974/2010-976-BPI-Book_WEB.pdf.

[iv] United Nation Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Social Panorama 2010, http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/1/41801/PSI-socialpanorama2010.pdf.

[v] Woods, Randy and Carlos Rodriguez, “IMF Raises Latin American Economic Growth Forecast Amid Overheating Signs,” Bloomberg News, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-03/imf-raises-latin-america-growth-forecast-to-4-7-amid-overheating-signs.html (accessed May 23, 2011).

[vi] Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (SEDLAC), “Statistics: Inequality” http://sedlac.econo.unlp.edu.ar/eng/statistics-detalle.php?idE=35 (accessed May 23, 2011).

[vii] ECLAC, Social Panorama 2010.

[viii] Barros, Ricardo and Mirela de Carvalho, et. Al. “Markets, the State, and the Dynamics of Inequality in Brazil.” In Declining Inequality in Latin America: A Decade of Progress? edited by Luis F. López-Calva and Nora Lustig, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.

[ix] ECLAC, Social Panorama 2010.

[x] Lustig, Nora. “Is Latin America Becoming Less Unequal?” In Breaking Away from Complacency: An Agenda for Resurgence, 141-164. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication Inc., 2010.

[xi] Ibid.

[xii] Marcelo Neri,” Income Policies, Income Distribution, and the Distribution of Opportunities in Brazil,” in Brazil as an Economic Superpower? Edited by Lael Brainard and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2009.

[xiii] Government of Brazil, “Bolsa Família” http://www.mds.gov.br/bolsafamilia (accessed 5/26/2011).

[xiv] Jean-Pierre Langellier, “Brazil declares war on ‘chronic poverty’,” The Gaurdian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/07/brazil-dilma-rousseff-poverty-eradication (accessed July 19, 2011).

[xv] Lustig, Nora. “Is Latin America Becoming Less Unequal?” In Breaking Away from Complacency: An Agenda for Resurgence, 141-164. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication Inc., 2010.

[xvi] Barros.

[xvii] Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean, “Brazil, net enrolment ratio by education level and sex,” CEPALSTAT http://websie.eclac.cl/sisgen/ConsultaIntegrada.asp (accessed May 23, 2011).

[xviii] Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009, U.S. Census Bureau (Washington, D.C., September 2010) http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p60-238.pdf.

[xix] ECLAC, Social Panorama 2010.

[xx] Ibid.

[xxi] Ibid.

[xxii] “Chile’s surprising president: The Bachelet model, A Politian on top of her game,” The Economist, September 17, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/14460079 (accessed May 23, 2011).

[xxiii] Peter J. Meyer, Chile: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relation, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress, September 22, 2010, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40126_20100922.pdf (accessed May 23, 2011)

[xxiv] Judith Teichman, “Redistributive Conflict and Social Policy in Latin America,” World Development 36, 3 (2008).

[xxv] Meyer, Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relation, Congressional Research Service.

[xxvi] ECLAC; Lustig, Nora. “Is Latin America Becoming Less Unequal?” In Breaking Away from Complacency: An Agenda for Resurgence, 141-164. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication Inc., 2010.

Democracy in Mexico: The Past, Present, and Future

Works Cited

[1] Dahl, Robert A. (1972). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Yale Univ. Press: New Haven.

[2] Grayson, George W. “Evolution of Mexico and Other Single-Party States.” International Studies Review 9.2 (2007): 322-367. Web. 10 June 2011.

[3] Thompson, Ginger. “Ex-President in Mexico Casts New Light on Rigged 1988 Election.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 9 March 2004. Web. 10 June 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/09/world/ex-president-in-mexico-casts-new-light-on-rigged-1988-election.html

[4] Bejar, Alejandro Alvarez, et. al. “Mexico 1988-1991: A Successful Economic Adjustment Program?” Latin American Perspectives 20.3 (1993): 32-45. Web. 10 June 2011.

[5] Orozco-Henriquez, Jesus. The Mexican Electoral Court and the Federal Judiciary and the 2006 Presidential Election. CSIS Mexico Project. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC. 10 July 2006. Keynote Address. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/10/AR2006071000996.html

[6] Lawson, Chappell H. “The Elections of 1997.” Journal of Democracy 8.4 (1997): 13-27. Web. 10 June 2011.

[7] Casillas, Carlos E., and Alejandro Mujica. “Mexico: New Democracy with Old Parties?” Politics 23.3 (2003): 172-180. Web. 10 June 2011.

[8] Ugalde, Dr. Luis Carlos. The 2012 Mexican Elections: A New Test for Democracy. Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars. National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, DC. 2 June 2011. Panel Discussion.

[9] Haas, Katherine. “Mexico’s July 4^th Elections: Defined by Mixed Results.” Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 6 July 2010. Web. 10 June 2011.

[10] Roig-Franzia, Manuel. “Mexican Court Declares Calderón President-Elect.” The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 6 September 2006. Web. 10 June 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/05/AR2006090500120.html

[11] Kearney, Kevin. “Mexico: Election dispute threatens breakup of PRD.” World Socialist Web Site. International Committee of the Fourth International, 7 May 2008. Web. 10 June 2011. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/may2008/mexi-m07.shtml

[12] Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto. Accountability and Municipal Reelection in Mexico. Latin American Institute. University of California Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA. 24 February 2007. Conference Presentation. http://www.international.ucla.edu/lac/fiscalfederalism/municipalaccountability.pdf

[13] Beittel, June S., et. al. “Mexico-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress.” CRS Report for Congress (2009): 1-36. Web. 11 June 2011.

[14] “Mexican finance chief eyes 2012 presidential run.” FOX News Latino. Fox News Network, 27 May 2011. Web. 11 June 2011. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2011/05/27/mexican-finance-chief-eyes-2012-presidential-run/

[15] Alvarez, Miguel. A Pact of Mexican civil Society for a Peaceful Mexico with Justice and Dignity. Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). Rome Auditorium. Washington, DC. 16 June 2011. Panel Discussion.

[16] Garcia, Pablo Paras, et. al. "Cultura politica de la democracia en Mexico, 2010." Latin American Public Opinion Project. Vanderbilt University, 2010. Web. 16 June 2011.

[17] Gilbreth, Chris, and Gerardo Otero. “Democratization in Mexico: The Zapatista Uprising and Civil Society.” Latin American Perspectives 28.4 (2001): 7-29. Web. 16 June 2011.

[18] Olvera, Alberto J. "The Elusive Democracy: Political Parties, Democratic Institutions, and Civil Society in Mexico." Latin American Research Review 45 (2010): 78-107. Web. 10 June 2011.

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[1] Democracy is defined as a government in which citizens “have unimpaired opportunities to formulate their preferences, to signify their preferences to their fellow citizens and the government by individual and collective action and to have their preferences weighed equally in the conduct of the government.” [1]

[2] Carlos Salinas de Gortari was the PRI candidate in the 1988 presidential elections. He was declared as the winner of the elections after the Federal Electoral Commission, the institution then in charge of all of Mexico’s electoral processes, supposedly experienced a crash in its ballot-counting system the day of the election. Three years later, Congress voted to destroy the original ballots before they were recounted, thus destroying any evidence that could prove that Salinas de Gortari could have even remotely won the election legally.

[3] This law was created in reaction to the Mexican Revolution, which began as an uprising against Porfirio Díaz —a dictator whose thirty-year rule lasted from 1880 to 1910.

[4] On January 1, 1994, indigenous workers banded together in Chiapas, Mexico to form the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). The EZLN was created to hold the government accountable for the passing of NAFTA, which threatened to take away the few things the hard-working and impoverished peasants had, namely their land and their ability to sell the fruits of their labor. Then-president Carlos Salinas de Gortari attempted to control the uprising, but was eventually persuaded to participate in negotiations with the Zapatistas as people across the country congregated in masses to show their solidarity for the movement. The Zapatistas have continued to lobby for equity in Mexico since their initial victory, setting an example for other civil liberty groups.

Women’s Rights in Chiapas: Future Made Possible by the Revolutionary Law

1. Bogado, Aura, “Zapatista Insurgente,” March 9, 2006

http://www.wiretapmag.org/stories/33304/.

2. “Chiapas: Penal Authorities in Chiapas Violate Rights of Incarcerated Persons and their

Families.” SIPAZ Blog. http://sipazen.wordpress.com/tag/chiapas/.

3. Davison, Phil, “Comandante Ramona Zapatista Rebel Leader.” The Independent, January 9, 2006,

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/comandante-ramona-522254.html.

4. Eber, Christine, and Christine Kovik, Women of Chiapas: Making History in Times of Struggle and 

Hope. New York: Routledge, 2003.

5. Facts about Chiapas. Last modified April 24, 2010. http://www.sipaz.org/data/chis_en_02.html.

6. Hymn, Soneile. “Indigenous and Women’s Resistance to Globalization in Chiapas,” December,

2006, http://www.mujereslibres.org/Articles/GlobalizationChiapas.htm.

7. Klein, Hilary. “‘We Learn as We Go’ – Zapatista Women Share their Experiences,” January 30,

2008, http://www.mujereslibres.org/Articles/WomensEncuentro.htm.

8. Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, “Twelve Women in the Twelfth Year”, Mexico, 1996,

http://www.mujereslibres.org/Articles/Twelve_women.html.

9. “Violence in Mexico: no Exit?” SIPAZ Report XVI, no. 1 (2011).

http://www.sipaz.org/fini_eng.htm