1 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/07/16/1734536/six-months-after-the-earthquake.html
2 http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/07/12/president-obama-president-fernandez-meet-trade-drug-trafficking-and-haiti
3 http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2010/7/27/36461/The-US-pledges-to-help-Dominican-Republic-on-aid-for-Haiti
4http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2010/7/30/36492/Officials-says-agenda-for-Haitian-Dominican-leaders-meeting-is-ready
5 UNDP report p. 89 translation
6 UNDP report p. 99 translation
7http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/08/09/haitian_children_turn_to_begging_in_dr_after_quake/
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Monday, August 30, 2010
Friday, August 20, 2010
Expanding Alliances in the 21st Century: The U.S. and Brazil Unite to Address Overlapping Matters of National Security
1. “Brazil: Foreign Military Influence,” April 1997, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1795.html (24 May 2010)
2. “The Terrorist Enemy: Defining the Enemy,” http://www.state.gov/s/ct/enemy/index.htm (24 May 2010)
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. “A U.S. base in Rio?” http://www.cipcol.org/?p=1455 (24 May 2010)
7. “U.S.- Brazil Defense Cooperation Agreement,” 12 April 2010, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1795.html (24 May 2010)
8. “Foreign Policy Overview,” http://www.brasilemb.org/foreign-policy/overview (24 May 2010)
9. John G. Ikenberry "Liberal Order Building." To Lead the World. Oxford: Melvyn P. Leffler and Jefferey W. Legro, 2008, p. 94.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid. p. 100.
12. Sara Miller Llana and Andrew Downie, “Why Brazil Signed a Military Agreement with the US,” 13 April 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0413/Why-Brazil-signed-a-military-agreement-with-the-US (24 May 2010)
2. “The Terrorist Enemy: Defining the Enemy,” http://www.state.gov/s/ct/enemy/index.htm (24 May 2010)
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. “A U.S. base in Rio?” http://www.cipcol.org/?p=1455 (24 May 2010)
7. “U.S.- Brazil Defense Cooperation Agreement,” 12 April 2010, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1795.html (24 May 2010)
8. “Foreign Policy Overview,” http://www.brasilemb.org/foreign-policy/overview (24 May 2010)
9. John G. Ikenberry "Liberal Order Building." To Lead the World. Oxford: Melvyn P. Leffler and Jefferey W. Legro, 2008, p. 94.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid. p. 100.
12. Sara Miller Llana and Andrew Downie, “Why Brazil Signed a Military Agreement with the US,” 13 April 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0413/Why-Brazil-signed-a-military-agreement-with-the-US (24 May 2010)
Inhumane, Ineffective, Intolerable: Prisons of a Rising Power
(1) Branford, Becky, “Brazil’s ‘Medieval’ Prisons,” BBC News, 2 June 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3768145.stm
(2) Brazil Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, First session of the UPR Working Group, 7-11 April 2008, AI Index: AMR 19/023/2007, pp. 4, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/amr19/023/2007/en/5f56cf8e-a2bf-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/amr190232007en.pdf
(3) 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Brazil, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 25 February 2009, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/wha/119150.htm
(4) “One in Five: The crisis in Brazil’s prisons and criminal justice system,” International Bar Association, Human Rights Institute Report, February 2010, pp. 15
(5) Barrionuevo, Alexei, “Rape of Girl, 15, Exposes Abuses in Brazil Prison System,” New York Times, 12 Dec 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/americas/12brazil.html
(6) “Tackling the Chaos in Brazil’s Prisons,” The Economist, 22 Feb 2001, http://www.economist.com/node/511505
(7) Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Mr. Philip Alston, Mission to Brazil, A/HRC/11/2/Add.2 future, 28 August 2008, pp. 26, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/a.hrc.11.2.add.2_en.pdf
(8) Amnesty International Report 2010: The State of the World’s Human Rights, AI Index: POL 10/001/2010, pp. 85, http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/air2010_az_en.pdf#page=31
(9) “Tackling the Chaos”
(10) “One in Five,” pp. 7
(11) “One in Five,” pp. 11
(12) “No One Here Sleeps Safely: Human rights violations against detainees,” 23 June 1999, AI Index: AMR 19/09/99, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/amr19/009/1999/en/b659eadf-e1e1-11dd-a03a-6b5b1e49bce3/amr190091999en.pdf
(13) Amnesty International Report 2010, pp. 85
(14) “One in Five,” pp. 12
(15) “One in Five,” pp. 33
(16) “Tackling the Chaos”
(17) “One in Five,” pp. 5
(18) “One in Five,” pp. 7
(19) “One in Five,” pp. 8
(20) See “Not-so-swift justice,” The Economist, 25 Mar 2004, http://www.economist.com/node/2542089
(21) Branford, “Brazil’s ‘Medieval’ Prisons”
(22) “One in Five,” pp. 52
(23) “One in Five,” pp. 17
(24) “In the House of Horror,” The Economist, 9 Nov 2000, http://www.economist.com/node/417839
(25) “One in Five,” pp. 7
(2) Brazil Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, First session of the UPR Working Group, 7-11 April 2008, AI Index: AMR 19/023/2007, pp. 4, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/amr19/023/2007/en/5f56cf8e-a2bf-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/amr190232007en.pdf
(3) 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Brazil, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 25 February 2009, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/wha/119150.htm
(4) “One in Five: The crisis in Brazil’s prisons and criminal justice system,” International Bar Association, Human Rights Institute Report, February 2010, pp. 15
(5) Barrionuevo, Alexei, “Rape of Girl, 15, Exposes Abuses in Brazil Prison System,” New York Times, 12 Dec 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/americas/12brazil.html
(6) “Tackling the Chaos in Brazil’s Prisons,” The Economist, 22 Feb 2001, http://www.economist.com/node/511505
(7) Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Mr. Philip Alston, Mission to Brazil, A/HRC/11/2/Add.2 future, 28 August 2008, pp. 26, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/a.hrc.11.2.add.2_en.pdf
(8) Amnesty International Report 2010: The State of the World’s Human Rights, AI Index: POL 10/001/2010, pp. 85, http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/air2010_az_en.pdf#page=31
(9) “Tackling the Chaos”
(10) “One in Five,” pp. 7
(11) “One in Five,” pp. 11
(12) “No One Here Sleeps Safely: Human rights violations against detainees,” 23 June 1999, AI Index: AMR 19/09/99, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/amr19/009/1999/en/b659eadf-e1e1-11dd-a03a-6b5b1e49bce3/amr190091999en.pdf
(13) Amnesty International Report 2010, pp. 85
(14) “One in Five,” pp. 12
(15) “One in Five,” pp. 33
(16) “Tackling the Chaos”
(17) “One in Five,” pp. 5
(18) “One in Five,” pp. 7
(19) “One in Five,” pp. 8
(20) See “Not-so-swift justice,” The Economist, 25 Mar 2004, http://www.economist.com/node/2542089
(21) Branford, “Brazil’s ‘Medieval’ Prisons”
(22) “One in Five,” pp. 52
(23) “One in Five,” pp. 17
(24) “In the House of Horror,” The Economist, 9 Nov 2000, http://www.economist.com/node/417839
(25) “One in Five,” pp. 7
Friday, August 13, 2010
Nicaragua & ALBANISA: The Privatization of Venezuelan Aid
1. “The Sea, the Ship, and the Uncertain Course,” Revista Envío, May 2008, Number 322. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3775
2. “Comptroller’s Office to Audit ALBANISA,” NicaNet, February 9, 2010. http://www.nicanet.org/?p=915
3. Tim Rogers, “Gov’t: Power Blackouts to End Dec. 1,” Nica Times, November 9-15, 2007. http://www.nicatimes.net/nicaarchive/110907.htm
4. Luis Galeano and José Adán Silva, “Apartan a Chico López,” El Nuevo Diario, December 27, 2009. http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/64891
5. “Reported embezzlement at ALBA in
6. Figure calculated using exchange rate from January 2009 (http://www.exchange-rates.org/history/NIO/USD/T). The córdoba has hovered around an exchange rate of 20:1
7. Translation of statement by Rafael Paniagua, quoted in: “Alemán rechaza palabras de representante del ALBA,” El Nuevo Herald, February 1, 2010. http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2010/02/01/643153/aleman-rechaza-palabras-de-representante.html#storylink=rss
8. Translated from quotes in: “Arce: “está loco” el ejecutivo del ALBA,” Radio La Primerísima, February 2, 2010. http://www.rlp.com.ni/noticias/69828
9. “
10. Ibid.
11. Luis Galeano, “Albanisa es un pulpo,” El Nuevo Diario, September 28, 2009. http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/58180
12. “CGR auditará ALBA, NISA,” Radio La Primerísima, February 4, 2010. http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/noticias/general/70020
13. “
14. Victor Hugo Tinoco, “Corruption is the Most Serious Aspect of the Ortega-Chávez Relationship,” Revista Envío, September 2009, Number 338. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4061
15. “
16. Galeano.
17. “
18. “What Surprises Will the End of this Third Year Bring?”Revista Envío, October 2009, Number 339. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4075
19. “Venezuelan aid for
20. “Selection indicators,” The Millenium Challenge Corporation. http://www.mcc.gov/mcc/selection/indicators/index.shtml
21. “
22. “
23. Hugo Tinoco.
24. “
PRI Began its Ascent to Power as U.S. Looks for Formula to Bring Down Mexican Drug Syndicates
[1] Mitofsky is a polling organization founded by Warren Mitofsky, who is often regarded as: “The founding father of exit polling.”
[2] BGC is a global consulting and finance firm. Excelsior is a polling company based in the Netherlands.
[3] U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: Next Steps for the Merida Initiative. 111th Cong., 2nd sess., (2010) (Testimony of Shannon O’Neil). The proposals in this section are compiled from testimony to the Committee on Foreign Affairs: Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere; and Committee on Homeland Security: Subcommittee on Border, Maritime, and Global Counterterrorism.
[4] Mascaro, Lisa. Senate Passes Border Security Bill. August 13, 2010. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-border-security-20100813,0,6127202.story (accessed August 13, 2010).Friday, July 30, 2010
Pacific Rim v. El Salvador and the Perils of Free Trade in the Americas
1. Barack Obama, “Why I oppose CAFTA”, Chicago Tribune, June 30, 2005, Commentary section.
2. Alexis Stoumbelis, “Landmark hearing begins at World Bank arbitration center,” CISPES, http://www.cispes.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=715.
3. Robert E. Moran, “Technical Review of the El Dorado Mine Project Environmental Assessment (EIA), El Salvador,” October 2005, http://www.miningwatch.ca/en/technical-review-el-dorado-mine-project-environmental-impact-assessment-eia-el-salvador.
4. Ibid.
5. “El Dorado, El Salvador,” Pacific Rim Mining Corp, http://www.pacrim-mining.com/s/ES_Eldorado.asp.
6. Cameron Herrington, interview by author, June 28, 2010.
7. Moran
8. Raúl Gutiérrez, “Gold Mining ‘Is a Huge Rip-Off’ - Environmentalists,” Inter-Press Service, December 8, 2008, http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=45035.
9. Cited in Moran
10. Keith Slack, interview by author, July 13, 2010.
11. “Metals, Mining, and Sustainable Development in Central America,” OxFam America, February 17, 2009, http://www.oxfamamerica.org/publications/metals-mining-and-sustainable-development-in-central-america.
12. “El Dorado, El Salvador”
13. Zach Dyer, “El Salvador Faces CAFTA Suit Over Mine Project,” NACLA, February 6, 2009, http://nacla.org/node/5499.
14. Travis McArthur, “CAFTA Case Challenges Mining Laws,” Public Citizen, June 4, 2010, http://citizen.typepad.com/eyesontrade/2010/06/cafta-case-challenges-mining-laws.html.
15. Mary O’Grady, “Will El Salvador Veer Left?,” The Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2008, Americas section, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122990333544725099.html?mod=googlenews_wsj.
16. O’Grady
17. McArthur
18. “El Dorado, El Salvador”
19. Lee Hudson Teslkik, “Fast-Track Trade Promotion Authority and Its Impact on U.S. Trade Policy,” Council on Foreign Relations, June 25, 2007, http://www.cfr.org/publication/13663/fasttrack_trade_promotion_authority_and_its_impact_on_us_trade_policy.html.
20. David Ratner and Robert E. Scott, “NAFTA’s cautionary tale: Recent history suggests CAFTA could lead to further U.S. job displacement,” Economic Policy Institute, July 20, 2005, http://www.epi.org/publications/entry/ib214/.
21. “Overview,” Pacific Rim Mining Corp, http://www.pacrim-mining.com/s/AboutUs_Overview.asp.
22. Sarah Anderson, Manuel Perez-Rocha, and Rebecca Dreyfus, “Mining for Profits in International Tribunals,” Institute for Policy Studies, April 29, 2010, http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/mining_for_profits_in_international_tribunals.
23. Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement, August 2, 2005, ch. 10, http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/cafta-dr-dominican-republic-central-america-fta/final-text.
24. Karyn Keenan, “Canadian Mining: Still Unaccountable,” NACLA, May/June 2010, http://nacla.org/node/6555.
25. Ibid.
Wednesday, July 28, 2010
Peeling Back the Truth on Guatemalan Bananas
1. Dan Koeppel, Banana-the Fate of the Fruit that Changed the World (New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2008). [Hereafter: (Koeppel, 2008).]
2. Banana Republic was first used by O. Henry, Cabbages and Kings
3. (Koeppel, 2008).
4. P. Landmeier, Banana Republic: The United Fruit Company, April 22, 2010, http://www.mayaparadise.com/united_fruit_company.htm (accessed June 15, 2010).
5. T. Barry, Roots of Rebellion (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1987).
6. Commonly known as the Truth Commission.
7. Guatemala Human Rights Commission / USA, Labor Rights in Guatemala, October 25, 2009, http://www.ghrc-usa.org/Publications/factsheet_LaborRights.pdf (accessed May 21, 2010). [Hereafter: (GHRC 2009).]
8. Information found from personal exploration of grocery stores around the U.S. Maybe state this in a more informal way in the sentence, perhaps… “those who frequent grocery stores may notice that prices do not vary much…”
9. Mongabay.com, Banana US Price Chart, June 10, 2010, http://www.mongabay.com/images/commodities/charts/chart-bananas_us.html (accessed June 16, 2010). No guarantee as to the accuracy of this statistic.
10. www.fairtrade.org.uk
11. A German company that at the time was owned by Dole.
12. http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2008/10/commission-fines-banana-cartel/62671.aspx
13. Not including the companies’ extra profits.
14. Office of the United States Trade Representative, Guatemala, July 23, 2009, http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/guatemala (accessed May 21, 2010).
15. This information is from an interview with Manuela Chavéz and the documentation she provided.
16. (GHRC 2009).
17. 40% of the population does not even receive minimum wage. UNDP, Human Development Report, 2005
18. (GHRC 2009).
19. (US Bureau of Labor Statistics 2008)
20. (GHRC 2009).
21. (GHRC 2009).
22. Reports differ depending on the newspaper and article.
23. Freedom of Association and collective violation (ILO)
24. At minimum, kindergarten.25. From an interview with Manuela Chavéz on June 10, 2010
Wednesday, June 30, 2010
Venezuela's Media War: Is the Internet the Next Battleground?
1. “Web 2.0 versus Control 2.0,” Reporters Without Borders, 18 March 2010, http://en.rsf.org/web-2-0-versus-control-2-0-18-03-2010,36697
2. “Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez Takes To Twitter,” USA Today, 29 April 2010, http://www.usatoday.com/tech/world/2010-04-28-venezuela-chavez-twitter_N.htm
3. “False posts cannot be used to justify arbitrary control over the internet,” Reporters Without Borders, 15 March 2010, http://en.rsf.org/venezuela-false-posts-cannot-be-used-to-15-03-2010,36737.html
4. Rory Carroll, “Hugo Chávez embraces Twitter to fight online ‘conspiracy,’” The Guardian, 28 April 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/28/hugo-chavez-twitter-venezuela
5. Nick Allen, “Hugo Chavez to join Twitter,” Telegraph, 27 April 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7637168/Hugo-Chavez-to-join-Twitter.html
6. “Chavez Strikes Back at Critics With His Own Blog,” Aol News, 22 March 2010, http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/venezuelas-president-hugo-chavez-strikes-back-at-critics-with-his-own-blog/19408903
7. Shane Richmond, “Hugo Chavez hires army of Twitter managers,” Telegraph Blogs, 9 May 2010, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/shanerichmond/100005100/hugo-chavez-hires-army-of-twitter-managers/
8. Frank Jack Daniels, “Venezuela denies plans to censor Internet,” National Post, 15 March 2010, http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=2686264
9. “Venezuela’s Chavez Starts Blog – But Shuts Down Venezuela Websites Including LAHT for 2 days,” http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=357467&CategoryId=10717
10. Daniel Cancel and Corina Rodriguez Pons, “Venezuela to Set Currency Trading Band, Merentes Says,” Bloomberg Businessweek, 18 May 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-18/venezuela-to-set-currency-trading-band-merentes-says-update3-.html
11. José Luis Cordeiro, “Chávez inició la censura del Internet,” El Universal, 31 May 2010, http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/05/31/opi_art_chavez-inicio-la-cen_1912636.shtml
12. Corina Rodrigez Pons and Daniel Cancel, Bloomberg Businessweek, 14 June 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-14/chavez-s-popularity-rises-on-crackdown-as-gdp-suffers-update1-.html
2. “Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez Takes To Twitter,” USA Today, 29 April 2010, http://www.usatoday.com/tech/world/2010-04-28-venezuela-chavez-twitter_N.htm
3. “False posts cannot be used to justify arbitrary control over the internet,” Reporters Without Borders, 15 March 2010, http://en.rsf.org/venezuela-false-posts-cannot-be-used-to-15-03-2010,36737.html
4. Rory Carroll, “Hugo Chávez embraces Twitter to fight online ‘conspiracy,’” The Guardian, 28 April 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/28/hugo-chavez-twitter-venezuela
5. Nick Allen, “Hugo Chavez to join Twitter,” Telegraph, 27 April 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7637168/Hugo-Chavez-to-join-Twitter.html
6. “Chavez Strikes Back at Critics With His Own Blog,” Aol News, 22 March 2010, http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/venezuelas-president-hugo-chavez-strikes-back-at-critics-with-his-own-blog/19408903
7. Shane Richmond, “Hugo Chavez hires army of Twitter managers,” Telegraph Blogs, 9 May 2010, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/shanerichmond/100005100/hugo-chavez-hires-army-of-twitter-managers/
8. Frank Jack Daniels, “Venezuela denies plans to censor Internet,” National Post, 15 March 2010, http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=2686264
9. “Venezuela’s Chavez Starts Blog – But Shuts Down Venezuela Websites Including LAHT for 2 days,” http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=357467&CategoryId=10717
10. Daniel Cancel and Corina Rodriguez Pons, “Venezuela to Set Currency Trading Band, Merentes Says,” Bloomberg Businessweek, 18 May 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-18/venezuela-to-set-currency-trading-band-merentes-says-update3-.html
11. José Luis Cordeiro, “Chávez inició la censura del Internet,” El Universal, 31 May 2010, http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/05/31/opi_art_chavez-inicio-la-cen_1912636.shtml
12. Corina Rodrigez Pons and Daniel Cancel, Bloomberg Businessweek, 14 June 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-14/chavez-s-popularity-rises-on-crackdown-as-gdp-suffers-update1-.html
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
This Ongoing Institutional Crisis Brought to You by Nicaragua’s Daniel Ortega
1. Shelley A. McConnell, “Nicaragua’s Turning Point”, Current History, Volume 106, Number 697 (February 2007),86, http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=43C19796C2399B26BE00
2. Katherine Hoyt, “Parties and Pacts in Contemporary Nicaragua,” in Undoing Democracy, ed. David Close and Kalowatie Deonandan, (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004), 23.
3. Tim Rogers, “Why Nicaragua’s Caged Bird Sings,” Time, May 2, 2007. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1616952,00.html?xid=rss-world
4. “Ortega’s Crab Dance”, The Economist, October 13, 2007, The Americas.
5. “How to steal an election; Nicaragua”, The Economist, November 15, 2008. The Americas.
6. “Nicaragua’s contested vote,” Los Angeles Times, November 20, 2008, Main News, Editorial pages desk, part A, pg 28.
7. “La Ley Orgánica de Poder Judicial/la Ley 260”, Título II, Artículo 31.
8. “La Ley de Amparo”, Tít. III, Cap. IV, Arto. 46.
9. “Nicaragua’s Chief Justice Denounces Pro-Ortega Ruling”, Latin American Herald Tribune, 20 Oct. 2009.
10. “Chaos All Around,” Revista Envío, March 2010, Number 334. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4146
11. “Brochazos y Pinceladas,” Revista Envío, May 2010, Number 338. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4172
12. “Nicaragua: International Community Back on the Alert,” Latin American Regional Report: Caribbean & Central America, May 2010, RC-10-05, ISSN 1465-0010.
13. Ibid.
14. “Opositores rechazan disolución del Parlamento,” La Prensa, May 27, 2010. http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/05/27/politica/25881
15. “Nicaragua’s Ortega to dissolve Congress?” LatinNews Daily, May 28, 2010. http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22113.asp?instance=11
16. Rory Carroll, “Oxfam targeted as Nicaragua attacks ‘trojan horse’ NGOs: Sandinista crackdown to ‘clean up’ political funding: Fears grow for freedom of speech and European aid,” The Guardian (London), October 14, 2007, Guardian International Pages, pg. 27.
17. Blake Schmidt, “Nicaraguan Former President Aleman Vows to Oust Sandinistas,” Bloomberg Businessweek, February 19, 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-19/nicaraguan-former-president-aleman-vows-to-oust-sandinistas.html
2. Katherine Hoyt, “Parties and Pacts in Contemporary Nicaragua,” in Undoing Democracy, ed. David Close and Kalowatie Deonandan, (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004), 23.
3. Tim Rogers, “Why Nicaragua’s Caged Bird Sings,” Time, May 2, 2007. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1616952,00.html?xid=rss-world
4. “Ortega’s Crab Dance”, The Economist, October 13, 2007, The Americas.
5. “How to steal an election; Nicaragua”, The Economist, November 15, 2008. The Americas.
6. “Nicaragua’s contested vote,” Los Angeles Times, November 20, 2008, Main News, Editorial pages desk, part A, pg 28.
7. “La Ley Orgánica de Poder Judicial/la Ley 260”, Título II, Artículo 31.
8. “La Ley de Amparo”, Tít. III, Cap. IV, Arto. 46.
9. “Nicaragua’s Chief Justice Denounces Pro-Ortega Ruling”, Latin American Herald Tribune, 20 Oct. 2009.
10. “Chaos All Around,” Revista Envío, March 2010, Number 334. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4146
11. “Brochazos y Pinceladas,” Revista Envío, May 2010, Number 338. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4172
12. “Nicaragua: International Community Back on the Alert,” Latin American Regional Report: Caribbean & Central America, May 2010, RC-10-05, ISSN 1465-0010.
13. Ibid.
14. “Opositores rechazan disolución del Parlamento,” La Prensa, May 27, 2010. http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/05/27/politica/25881
15. “Nicaragua’s Ortega to dissolve Congress?” LatinNews Daily, May 28, 2010. http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22113.asp?instance=11
16. Rory Carroll, “Oxfam targeted as Nicaragua attacks ‘trojan horse’ NGOs: Sandinista crackdown to ‘clean up’ political funding: Fears grow for freedom of speech and European aid,” The Guardian (London), October 14, 2007, Guardian International Pages, pg. 27.
17. Blake Schmidt, “Nicaraguan Former President Aleman Vows to Oust Sandinistas,” Bloomberg Businessweek, February 19, 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-19/nicaraguan-former-president-aleman-vows-to-oust-sandinistas.html
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
Are Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales Enemies of the United States?
SOURCES
I want to express my deep gratitude and appreciation for the help of Susan Miller Kaplan, an expert librarian and researcher, who graciously took the time out on a Sunday afternoon (when she no doubt was cooking dinner for her family) to give me invaluable assistance in accessing articles on Latin America through Nexis – Lexis. Thank you again, Susan.
** In this paper, I use the word “American” interchangeably with U.S. to refer to residents or policies of the United States. However, I don’t mean to imply that we have exclusive ownership of the word “American.” I recall a conversation I had years ago with a student from Argentina who objected to my calling fellow citizens Americans. Citizens from Central and South America had just as much right to call themselves “Americans,” he argued. I agreed with him then and still do now.
1. The World Markets Research story, BBC Monitoring Service and the Associated Press story of 4/5/10 were accessed through Lexis- Nexis - http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/Inacademic/results/docview
Information for this paper also comes from various news articles and sources gathered from the Web sites of two highly respected research and advocacy organizations on Latin America:
2. The Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA)
1250 Connecticut Avenue, NW, suite 1C, Washington, D.C. 20036
www.coha.org
3. The InterAmerican Dialogue
1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, suite 510, Washington, D.C. 20036
www.thedialogue. Org
4. The entry for Simon Bolivar in Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia
(2000 edition) reads in part: “The Liberator (1783 – 1830). Soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador), Peru and Upper Peru (now Bolivia).” Page 206.
5. “In Brazil, the ‘Middle Path’ Helps Expand the Middle Class, “ by Juan Forero. The Washington Post, 1/3/2010, page A6.
6. “Leader May Join ‘Responsible Left’ Bloc,” by Andes Oppenheimer.
The Oppenheimer Report, Miami Herald, 1/10/2010.
7. “A Quiet Revolution: Latin America’s Unheralded Progress,” by Francis Fukuyama. Foreign Affairs. November/December 2007, pages 177 – 182.
Foreign Affairs is a journal published six times a year by the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City. Fukuyama is a professor at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. At one time he was prominently associated with the school of neoconservatives at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., who led the call for a U.S. invasion of Iraq. His comments were part of a review of a book by Michael Reid – Forgotten Continent: The Battle for Latin America’s Soul.
I want to express my deep gratitude and appreciation for the help of Susan Miller Kaplan, an expert librarian and researcher, who graciously took the time out on a Sunday afternoon (when she no doubt was cooking dinner for her family) to give me invaluable assistance in accessing articles on Latin America through Nexis – Lexis. Thank you again, Susan.
** In this paper, I use the word “American” interchangeably with U.S. to refer to residents or policies of the United States. However, I don’t mean to imply that we have exclusive ownership of the word “American.” I recall a conversation I had years ago with a student from Argentina who objected to my calling fellow citizens Americans. Citizens from Central and South America had just as much right to call themselves “Americans,” he argued. I agreed with him then and still do now.
1. The World Markets Research story, BBC Monitoring Service and the Associated Press story of 4/5/10 were accessed through Lexis- Nexis - http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/Inacademic/results/docview
Information for this paper also comes from various news articles and sources gathered from the Web sites of two highly respected research and advocacy organizations on Latin America:
2. The Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA)
1250 Connecticut Avenue, NW, suite 1C, Washington, D.C. 20036
www.coha.org
3. The InterAmerican Dialogue
1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, suite 510, Washington, D.C. 20036
www.thedialogue. Org
4. The entry for Simon Bolivar in Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia
(2000 edition) reads in part: “The Liberator (1783 – 1830). Soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador), Peru and Upper Peru (now Bolivia).” Page 206.
5. “In Brazil, the ‘Middle Path’ Helps Expand the Middle Class, “ by Juan Forero. The Washington Post, 1/3/2010, page A6.
6. “Leader May Join ‘Responsible Left’ Bloc,” by Andes Oppenheimer.
The Oppenheimer Report, Miami Herald, 1/10/2010.
7. “A Quiet Revolution: Latin America’s Unheralded Progress,” by Francis Fukuyama. Foreign Affairs. November/December 2007, pages 177 – 182.
Foreign Affairs is a journal published six times a year by the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City. Fukuyama is a professor at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. At one time he was prominently associated with the school of neoconservatives at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., who led the call for a U.S. invasion of Iraq. His comments were part of a review of a book by Michael Reid – Forgotten Continent: The Battle for Latin America’s Soul.
Thursday, March 18, 2010
The Future of Inter-American Relations, with Canada and the U.S. Barely Holding On
Bibliography
Dominguez, Jorge. “The Future of Inter-American Relations: States, Challenges, and Likely Responses”. The Future of Inter-American Relations. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Kellogg, Paul. “Regional Integration in Latin America: Dawn of an Alternative to Neoliberalism?” New Political Science. Volume 29, Number 2, June 2007.
Montaruli, Silvana. “El concepto de integración en el discurso de Simón Bolívar”. Las relaciones interamericanas. Continuidades y cambios. Buenos Aires: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - CLACSO, 2008.
Smith, Joseph. “The United States and Latin America. A history of American diplomacy, 1776-2000”. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Dominguez, Jorge. “The Future of Inter-American Relations: States, Challenges, and Likely Responses”. The Future of Inter-American Relations. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Kellogg, Paul. “Regional Integration in Latin America: Dawn of an Alternative to Neoliberalism?” New Political Science. Volume 29, Number 2, June 2007.
Montaruli, Silvana. “El concepto de integración en el discurso de Simón Bolívar”. Las relaciones interamericanas. Continuidades y cambios. Buenos Aires: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - CLACSO, 2008.
Smith, Joseph. “The United States and Latin America. A history of American diplomacy, 1776-2000”. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
Winners and Losers of Venezuela’s Coercive Policy for Presidential Addresses
By COHA Research Associate Matthew Lackey and COHA Senior Research Fellow Denise Stanley
1 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005.
2 "Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)," The Economist [US], July 21, 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile, (accessed February 23, 2010).
3 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 2.
4 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 3.
5 RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions,” Correo del Orinoco, January 26, 2010, http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336, (accessed 28 February 2010).
6 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press, accessed from Forbes.com, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
7 Tamara Pearson, “Venezuela’s Chavez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests,” Venezuelanalysis.com, http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113, February 2, 2010, (accessed February 21, 2009).
8 Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan Police Scatter Protesters as Chavez Supporters Marks Anniversary of his 1992 Coup,” The Canadian Press, February 4, 2010.
9 Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias, “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada,” February 3, 2010, http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1, (accessed February 21, 2010).
10 Washington Office on Latin America, “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic,” 29 January, 2009, http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
11 Fabiola Sanchez, “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets,” The Canadian Press, February 22, 2010.
12 Christopher Toothaker, “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration,” The Canadian Press, January 23, 2010.
13 "Venezuela," World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA Accessed March 16, 2010.
14 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
15 World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010.
16 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 6.
17 Federal Communications Commission, “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
18 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 10.
19 Personal communication
20 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
21 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
22 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
23 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
24 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 87 paragraph 343.
25 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 97 paragraph 373 .
26 Reporters Without Borders, “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station,” February 3, 2010, http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html, (accessed February 21, 2010).
27 David Edwards, "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad, " NACLA Report on the Americas 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale,
http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A168775819&source=gale&userGroupName=vic_regent&version=1.0>, (accessed February 23, 2010).
28 TeleSUR, “El Canal,” http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)." The Economist [US] 21 July 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile. Web. 23 Feb. 2010.
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias . “Embajador Chaderton respondió a las acusaciones de EEUU y Canadá por caso RCTV.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218759&lee=1. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias. “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta. Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television. Gaceta Oficial 38.333. December 12, 2005.
Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
Edwards, David. "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad. " NACLA Report on the Americas. 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale. 23 Feb. 2010
.
Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan police scatter protesters as Chavez supporters marks anniversary of his 1992 coup,” The Canadian Press, 02/04/2010,
Federal Communications Commission. “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
-----. “The Emergency Alert System.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
Gale Group, 2010. Gale Virtual Reference Library, Venezuela Media. Http://go.galegroup.com Accessed February 10, 2010.
Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual. Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. December 22, 2009.
Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela. Organization of American States. December 30, 2009. Available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf. Associated Press. “Anti-Chávez TV Vows to Maintain Tough Stance.” The New York Times. February 12, 2010. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/02/12/world/AP-LT-Venezuela-Media.html?_r=1&emc=eta1.
Pearson, Tamara. “Venezuela’s Chávez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests.” Venezuelanalysis.com. February 2, 2010. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Five Cable TV Stations Allowed to Resume Broadcasting but RCTVI Still Suspended.” February 4, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Six-tv-channels-suspended-over.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station.” February 3, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions.” Correo del Orinoco. 26 January 2010. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336.
Sanchez, Fabiola. “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets.” The Canadian Press. 2/22/2010.
TeleSUR. “El Canal.” TeleSur, http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
TelesSUR Website.
Toothaker, Christopher. “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable.” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html. (Accessed February 21, 2009).
-----. “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration.” The Canadian Press. 01/23/2010
"Venezuela." World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA (accessed March 16, 2010).
Washington Office on Latin America. “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic.” January 29, 2009. http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010
1 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005.
2 "Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)," The Economist [US], July 21, 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile, (accessed February 23, 2010).
3 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 2.
4 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 3.
5 RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions,” Correo del Orinoco, January 26, 2010, http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336, (accessed 28 February 2010).
6 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press, accessed from Forbes.com, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
7 Tamara Pearson, “Venezuela’s Chavez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests,” Venezuelanalysis.com, http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113, February 2, 2010, (accessed February 21, 2009).
8 Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan Police Scatter Protesters as Chavez Supporters Marks Anniversary of his 1992 Coup,” The Canadian Press, February 4, 2010.
9 Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias, “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada,” February 3, 2010, http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1, (accessed February 21, 2010).
10 Washington Office on Latin America, “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic,” 29 January, 2009, http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
11 Fabiola Sanchez, “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets,” The Canadian Press, February 22, 2010.
12 Christopher Toothaker, “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration,” The Canadian Press, January 23, 2010.
13 "Venezuela," World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA Accessed March 16, 2010.
14 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
15 World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010.
16 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 6.
17 Federal Communications Commission, “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
18 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 10.
19 Personal communication
20 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
21 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
22 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
23 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
24 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 87 paragraph 343.
25 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 97 paragraph 373 .
26 Reporters Without Borders, “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station,” February 3, 2010, http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html, (accessed February 21, 2010).
27 David Edwards, "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad, " NACLA Report on the Americas 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale,
http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A168775819&source=gale&userGroupName=vic_regent&version=1.0>, (accessed February 23, 2010).
28 TeleSUR, “El Canal,” http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)." The Economist [US] 21 July 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile. Web. 23 Feb. 2010.
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias . “Embajador Chaderton respondió a las acusaciones de EEUU y Canadá por caso RCTV.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218759&lee=1. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias. “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta. Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television. Gaceta Oficial 38.333. December 12, 2005.
Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
Edwards, David. "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad. " NACLA Report on the Americas. 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale. 23 Feb. 2010
Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan police scatter protesters as Chavez supporters marks anniversary of his 1992 coup,” The Canadian Press, 02/04/2010,
Federal Communications Commission. “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
-----. “The Emergency Alert System.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
Gale Group, 2010. Gale Virtual Reference Library, Venezuela Media. Http://go.galegroup.com Accessed February 10, 2010.
Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual. Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. December 22, 2009.
Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela. Organization of American States. December 30, 2009. Available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf. Associated Press. “Anti-Chávez TV Vows to Maintain Tough Stance.” The New York Times. February 12, 2010. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/02/12/world/AP-LT-Venezuela-Media.html?_r=1&emc=eta1.
Pearson, Tamara. “Venezuela’s Chávez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests.” Venezuelanalysis.com. February 2, 2010. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Five Cable TV Stations Allowed to Resume Broadcasting but RCTVI Still Suspended.” February 4, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Six-tv-channels-suspended-over.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station.” February 3, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions.” Correo del Orinoco. 26 January 2010. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336.
Sanchez, Fabiola. “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets.” The Canadian Press. 2/22/2010.
TeleSUR. “El Canal.” TeleSur, http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
TelesSUR Website.
Toothaker, Christopher. “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable.” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html. (Accessed February 21, 2009).
-----. “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration.” The Canadian Press. 01/23/2010
"Venezuela." World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA (accessed March 16, 2010).
Washington Office on Latin America. “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic.” January 29, 2009. http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010
Monday, March 01, 2010
Cuba’s Health Politics: At Home and Abroad
1 For a full discussion of the history, ideology and organisation of the Cuban health system, and its medical diplomacy and biotechnology development, see Julie M. Feinsilver, Healing the Masses: Cuban Health Politics at Home and Abroad, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
2 Ibid., pp. 37-40.
3 Médicos de la familia y cobertura según provincias, Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2007, Fuente: Registro de profesionales de la salud y Dirección de Atención Primaria, 2007, http://bvs.sld.cu and Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadística 2008 (Edición 2009), Tables 19.1, 19.4 and 19.5 Coverage was reorganized in late 2007. There were 932 fewer family doctors in 2008 than 2006, which could be due to a number of factors such as natural attrition, further specialization, system rationalization or defection while abroad.
4 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, pp. 117-18.
5 Ibid., pp. 40-41, 44-47.
6 Ibid., pp. 58-62, 122-55.
7 ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’, available from http://www.dne.sld.cu.
8 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Health in the Americas 2007, Washington: PAHO, 2007, available from http://www.paho.org.
9 Ibid.
10 Table 87, ‘Ejecución del presupuesto y gasto por habitante 1959, 1960, 1965, 1970 – 2006’, Año anuario 2006, Fuente: Registros administrativos de la Dirección Nacional de Finanzas y Contabilidad.
11 República de Cuba, Dirección Nacional de Estadística del Ministerio de Salud Pública, Sistema Nacional de Salud Políticas, Estrategias y Programas. Havana, Cuba, December 1998. ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’.
12 PAHO, Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2007, p. 4.
13 Republica de Cuba, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones de la Salud Pública en Cuba para el 2015, Havana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas, February 2006, p. 64.
14 Abelardo Ramírez Márquez and Cándido López Pardo, ‘A Monitoring System for Health Equity in Cuba’, MEDICC Review, 7(9), Nov/Dec 2005, available from http://ww.medicc.org.
15 Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones.
16 Republica de Cuba, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2008 (Edición 2009), available from http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm.
17 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, Chapter 6, ‘Cuban Medical Diplomacy’ (on comparison with the former Soviet bloc and China, see pp. 159-160).
18 Interview with Carlos Lovo, Advisor to the Salvadoran Minister of Health at that time, Washington, 30 April 2009.
19 Cuban Cooperation, Website of the Cuban Governmental Cooperation in the Health Sector, http://www.cubacoop.com (available in Spanish and English); and ‘Cubans to help boost local health sector’, Jamaica Observer, 10 May 2008.
20 Feinsilver, Healing The Masses, Chapter 6.
21 ‘Cuban medical cooperation in South Africa highlighted’, Cuba Direct (online),
26 May 2009, available from http://emba.cubaminrex.cu.
22 http://www.cubacoop.com.
23 Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
24 http://www.cubacoop.com.
25 AFP, ‘Massive UN vote in support of lifting US embargo on Cuba’, 29 October
30 2008.
26 http://www.cubacoop.com.
27 Ibid.
28 Aleksei Aleksandrov, ‘Health care: The secrets of Cuban medicine’, Argumenty i Fakty (mass-circulation weekly), Moscow, 17 September 2003, reprinted in World Press Review, 50(12), 2003; and ‘Over 20,000 children from Chernobyl rehabilitated in Cuba,’ Caribbean Net News, 2 April 2009, available from http://www.caribbeannetnews.com.
29 Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana: cuando la izquierda lo ha hecho bien
[Cuban medical diplomacy: When the left has got it right]’, Foreign Affairs en
Español, 6(4), 2006, pp. 81-94. The English version is available from http://
www.coha.org.
30 Feinsilver, ‘Cuba as a world medical power: the politics of symbolism’, Latin American Research Review, 24(2), 1989, p. 1; and Healing the Masses.
31 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo: la diplomacia médica cubana recibe apoyo de sus amigos [Oil-for-Doctors: Cuban medical diplomacy gets a little help from a Venezuelan friend]’, Nueva Sociedad, 216(July-August), 2008, available in both English and Spanish from http://www.nuso.org; and Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana’.
32 Dr. Miriam Gran Álvarez, ‘Estructura de la BMC’, 1 February 2008, available from http://colaboracion.sld.cu.
33 ‘Report on Cuban healthcare professionals in Bolivia’, Periódico 26, 16 July
2008, available from http://www.periodico26.cu.
34 http://www.cubacoop.com.
35 Prensa Latina, 4 August 2008.
36 Interviews with Doctors Félix Rigoli and Eduardo Guerrero, PAHO, Washington, 30 April 2009; UVS website http://www.uvirtual.sld.cu; Steve Brouwer, ‘Fidel’s WMDs versus Bush’s WMDs: World medical doctors are more powerful than weapons of mass destruction’, 14 November 2008 and ‘WMDs – World Medical Doctors – now being produced in Venezuela’, 13 November 2008, both posted to the blog site, Venezuela Notes, and available at http://www.venezuelanotes.blogspot.com; and ‘Cuba: More Doctors for the World’, MEDICC Review, 14 April 2008, available from http://www.medicc.org.
37 Personal communication from Saul Landau, whose daughter was one of those who passed the FMG in the US, 8 May 2009.
38 Data on medical graduates from a personal communication from Dr. Francisco Rojas Ochoa, Distinguished Professor and Editor of Revista cubana de salud pública, February 3, 2010; and Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
39 Embassy of India (Havana), ‘Annual Commercial & Economic Report-2006’, No.Hav/Comm/2007, 13 April 2007.
40 Carmelo Mesa-Lago, ‘The Cuban economy in 2008-2009: Internal and external challenges, state of the reforms and perspectives’, International Seminar on Cuba, Tulane University and Centro de Investigación y Adiestramiento Político Administrativo, San Jose, Costa Rica, 3-4 February 2009 (to be published in a book edited by Paolo Spadoni).
41 Interview with Dr. Félix Rigoli, PAHO, 30 April 2009.
42 Tal Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting to US while overseas’, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 10 October 2007 (posted at http://www.coha.org).
43 Elise Andaya, ‘The Gift of health: Socialist medical practice and shifting material and moral economies in post-Soviet Cuba’, Medical Anthropology Quarterly (2009).
44 Ibid. and Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists but continue being socialists: Medicalized subjectivities, emergent capital, and socialist entrepreneurs in post-Soviet Cuba’, American Ethnologist, 35(2), May 2008.
45 Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting’.
46 The nature of the activity of defection makes valid estimates difficult. Neither Homeland Security nor the State Department’s Cuba Desk would provide any information and said that they did not have that data. Abbady cites Rep. Lincoln Diaz-Balart’s office indicating that 1,000 Cuban doctors have come to the US under a special program announced in 2006.
47 US Department of Homeland Security, US Customs and Immigration Services, ‘Fact Sheet: Parole for Cuban Medical Personnel in Third Countries’, 19 September 2006.
48 Mike Ceasar, ‘Cuban doctors abroad helped to defect by new us visa policy’, World Politics Review, 1 August 2007.
49 Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadistico 2008 (Edición 2009), Table
19.21.
50 Ibid., Table 19.4.
51 On the disparity between rhetoric and practice and the nature of doctor-patient relations in the Cuban health system, see Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘Macroeconomic change and the biopolitics of health in Cuba’s special period’, Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 10(2), 2005; Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists’; and Elise Andaya, ‘The gift of health’.
52 María Isabel Domínguez, ‘Cuban social policy: principal spheres and targeted social groups’, Latin American Perspectives, 36(2), March 2009.
53 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo [Oil-for-Doctors]’.
2 Ibid., pp. 37-40.
3 Médicos de la familia y cobertura según provincias, Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2007, Fuente: Registro de profesionales de la salud y Dirección de Atención Primaria, 2007, http://bvs.sld.cu and Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadística 2008 (Edición 2009), Tables 19.1, 19.4 and 19.5 Coverage was reorganized in late 2007. There were 932 fewer family doctors in 2008 than 2006, which could be due to a number of factors such as natural attrition, further specialization, system rationalization or defection while abroad.
4 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, pp. 117-18.
5 Ibid., pp. 40-41, 44-47.
6 Ibid., pp. 58-62, 122-55.
7 ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’, available from http://www.dne.sld.cu.
8 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Health in the Americas 2007, Washington: PAHO, 2007, available from http://www.paho.org.
9 Ibid.
10 Table 87, ‘Ejecución del presupuesto y gasto por habitante 1959, 1960, 1965, 1970 – 2006’, Año anuario 2006, Fuente: Registros administrativos de la Dirección Nacional de Finanzas y Contabilidad.
11 República de Cuba, Dirección Nacional de Estadística del Ministerio de Salud Pública, Sistema Nacional de Salud Políticas, Estrategias y Programas. Havana, Cuba, December 1998. ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’.
12 PAHO, Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2007, p. 4.
13 Republica de Cuba, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones de la Salud Pública en Cuba para el 2015, Havana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas, February 2006, p. 64.
14 Abelardo Ramírez Márquez and Cándido López Pardo, ‘A Monitoring System for Health Equity in Cuba’, MEDICC Review, 7(9), Nov/Dec 2005, available from http://ww.medicc.org.
15 Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones.
16 Republica de Cuba, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2008 (Edición 2009), available from http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm.
17 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, Chapter 6, ‘Cuban Medical Diplomacy’ (on comparison with the former Soviet bloc and China, see pp. 159-160).
18 Interview with Carlos Lovo, Advisor to the Salvadoran Minister of Health at that time, Washington, 30 April 2009.
19 Cuban Cooperation, Website of the Cuban Governmental Cooperation in the Health Sector, http://www.cubacoop.com (available in Spanish and English); and ‘Cubans to help boost local health sector’, Jamaica Observer, 10 May 2008.
20 Feinsilver, Healing The Masses, Chapter 6.
21 ‘Cuban medical cooperation in South Africa highlighted’, Cuba Direct (online),
26 May 2009, available from http://emba.cubaminrex.cu.
22 http://www.cubacoop.com.
23 Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
24 http://www.cubacoop.com.
25 AFP, ‘Massive UN vote in support of lifting US embargo on Cuba’, 29 October
30 2008.
26 http://www.cubacoop.com.
27 Ibid.
28 Aleksei Aleksandrov, ‘Health care: The secrets of Cuban medicine’, Argumenty i Fakty (mass-circulation weekly), Moscow, 17 September 2003, reprinted in World Press Review, 50(12), 2003; and ‘Over 20,000 children from Chernobyl rehabilitated in Cuba,’ Caribbean Net News, 2 April 2009, available from http://www.caribbeannetnews.com.
29 Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana: cuando la izquierda lo ha hecho bien
[Cuban medical diplomacy: When the left has got it right]’, Foreign Affairs en
Español, 6(4), 2006, pp. 81-94. The English version is available from http://
www.coha.org.
30 Feinsilver, ‘Cuba as a world medical power: the politics of symbolism’, Latin American Research Review, 24(2), 1989, p. 1; and Healing the Masses.
31 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo: la diplomacia médica cubana recibe apoyo de sus amigos [Oil-for-Doctors: Cuban medical diplomacy gets a little help from a Venezuelan friend]’, Nueva Sociedad, 216(July-August), 2008, available in both English and Spanish from http://www.nuso.org; and Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana’.
32 Dr. Miriam Gran Álvarez, ‘Estructura de la BMC’, 1 February 2008, available from http://colaboracion.sld.cu.
33 ‘Report on Cuban healthcare professionals in Bolivia’, Periódico 26, 16 July
2008, available from http://www.periodico26.cu.
34 http://www.cubacoop.com.
35 Prensa Latina, 4 August 2008.
36 Interviews with Doctors Félix Rigoli and Eduardo Guerrero, PAHO, Washington, 30 April 2009; UVS website http://www.uvirtual.sld.cu; Steve Brouwer, ‘Fidel’s WMDs versus Bush’s WMDs: World medical doctors are more powerful than weapons of mass destruction’, 14 November 2008 and ‘WMDs – World Medical Doctors – now being produced in Venezuela’, 13 November 2008, both posted to the blog site, Venezuela Notes, and available at http://www.venezuelanotes.blogspot.com; and ‘Cuba: More Doctors for the World’, MEDICC Review, 14 April 2008, available from http://www.medicc.org.
37 Personal communication from Saul Landau, whose daughter was one of those who passed the FMG in the US, 8 May 2009.
38 Data on medical graduates from a personal communication from Dr. Francisco Rojas Ochoa, Distinguished Professor and Editor of Revista cubana de salud pública, February 3, 2010; and Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
39 Embassy of India (Havana), ‘Annual Commercial & Economic Report-2006’, No.Hav/Comm/2007, 13 April 2007.
40 Carmelo Mesa-Lago, ‘The Cuban economy in 2008-2009: Internal and external challenges, state of the reforms and perspectives’, International Seminar on Cuba, Tulane University and Centro de Investigación y Adiestramiento Político Administrativo, San Jose, Costa Rica, 3-4 February 2009 (to be published in a book edited by Paolo Spadoni).
41 Interview with Dr. Félix Rigoli, PAHO, 30 April 2009.
42 Tal Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting to US while overseas’, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 10 October 2007 (posted at http://www.coha.org).
43 Elise Andaya, ‘The Gift of health: Socialist medical practice and shifting material and moral economies in post-Soviet Cuba’, Medical Anthropology Quarterly (2009).
44 Ibid. and Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists but continue being socialists: Medicalized subjectivities, emergent capital, and socialist entrepreneurs in post-Soviet Cuba’, American Ethnologist, 35(2), May 2008.
45 Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting’.
46 The nature of the activity of defection makes valid estimates difficult. Neither Homeland Security nor the State Department’s Cuba Desk would provide any information and said that they did not have that data. Abbady cites Rep. Lincoln Diaz-Balart’s office indicating that 1,000 Cuban doctors have come to the US under a special program announced in 2006.
47 US Department of Homeland Security, US Customs and Immigration Services, ‘Fact Sheet: Parole for Cuban Medical Personnel in Third Countries’, 19 September 2006.
48 Mike Ceasar, ‘Cuban doctors abroad helped to defect by new us visa policy’, World Politics Review, 1 August 2007.
49 Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadistico 2008 (Edición 2009), Table
19.21.
50 Ibid., Table 19.4.
51 On the disparity between rhetoric and practice and the nature of doctor-patient relations in the Cuban health system, see Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘Macroeconomic change and the biopolitics of health in Cuba’s special period’, Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 10(2), 2005; Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists’; and Elise Andaya, ‘The gift of health’.
52 María Isabel Domínguez, ‘Cuban social policy: principal spheres and targeted social groups’, Latin American Perspectives, 36(2), March 2009.
53 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo [Oil-for-Doctors]’.
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