Bibliography
Dominguez, Jorge. “The Future of Inter-American Relations: States, Challenges, and Likely Responses”. The Future of Inter-American Relations. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Kellogg, Paul. “Regional Integration in Latin America: Dawn of an Alternative to Neoliberalism?” New Political Science. Volume 29, Number 2, June 2007.
Montaruli, Silvana. “El concepto de integración en el discurso de Simón Bolívar”. Las relaciones interamericanas. Continuidades y cambios. Buenos Aires: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - CLACSO, 2008.
Smith, Joseph. “The United States and Latin America. A history of American diplomacy, 1776-2000”. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Our Forum is a shared community space that supplements the official COHA website. In this site we showcase the resources used in our articles. Feel free to explore our references and generate discussion.
Thursday, March 18, 2010
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
Winners and Losers of Venezuela’s Coercive Policy for Presidential Addresses
By COHA Research Associate Matthew Lackey and COHA Senior Research Fellow Denise Stanley
1 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005.
2 "Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)," The Economist [US], July 21, 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile, (accessed February 23, 2010).
3 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 2.
4 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 3.
5 RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions,” Correo del Orinoco, January 26, 2010, http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336, (accessed 28 February 2010).
6 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press, accessed from Forbes.com, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
7 Tamara Pearson, “Venezuela’s Chavez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests,” Venezuelanalysis.com, http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113, February 2, 2010, (accessed February 21, 2009).
8 Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan Police Scatter Protesters as Chavez Supporters Marks Anniversary of his 1992 Coup,” The Canadian Press, February 4, 2010.
9 Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias, “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada,” February 3, 2010, http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1, (accessed February 21, 2010).
10 Washington Office on Latin America, “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic,” 29 January, 2009, http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
11 Fabiola Sanchez, “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets,” The Canadian Press, February 22, 2010.
12 Christopher Toothaker, “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration,” The Canadian Press, January 23, 2010.
13 "Venezuela," World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA Accessed March 16, 2010.
14 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
15 World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010.
16 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 6.
17 Federal Communications Commission, “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
18 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 10.
19 Personal communication
20 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
21 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
22 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
23 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
24 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 87 paragraph 343.
25 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 97 paragraph 373 .
26 Reporters Without Borders, “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station,” February 3, 2010, http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html, (accessed February 21, 2010).
27 David Edwards, "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad, " NACLA Report on the Americas 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale,
http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A168775819&source=gale&userGroupName=vic_regent&version=1.0>, (accessed February 23, 2010).
28 TeleSUR, “El Canal,” http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)." The Economist [US] 21 July 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile. Web. 23 Feb. 2010.
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias . “Embajador Chaderton respondió a las acusaciones de EEUU y Canadá por caso RCTV.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218759&lee=1. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias. “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta. Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television. Gaceta Oficial 38.333. December 12, 2005.
Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
Edwards, David. "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad. " NACLA Report on the Americas. 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale. 23 Feb. 2010
.
Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan police scatter protesters as Chavez supporters marks anniversary of his 1992 coup,” The Canadian Press, 02/04/2010,
Federal Communications Commission. “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
-----. “The Emergency Alert System.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
Gale Group, 2010. Gale Virtual Reference Library, Venezuela Media. Http://go.galegroup.com Accessed February 10, 2010.
Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual. Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. December 22, 2009.
Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela. Organization of American States. December 30, 2009. Available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf. Associated Press. “Anti-Chávez TV Vows to Maintain Tough Stance.” The New York Times. February 12, 2010. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/02/12/world/AP-LT-Venezuela-Media.html?_r=1&emc=eta1.
Pearson, Tamara. “Venezuela’s Chávez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests.” Venezuelanalysis.com. February 2, 2010. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Five Cable TV Stations Allowed to Resume Broadcasting but RCTVI Still Suspended.” February 4, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Six-tv-channels-suspended-over.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station.” February 3, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions.” Correo del Orinoco. 26 January 2010. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336.
Sanchez, Fabiola. “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets.” The Canadian Press. 2/22/2010.
TeleSUR. “El Canal.” TeleSur, http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
TelesSUR Website.
Toothaker, Christopher. “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable.” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html. (Accessed February 21, 2009).
-----. “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration.” The Canadian Press. 01/23/2010
"Venezuela." World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA (accessed March 16, 2010).
Washington Office on Latin America. “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic.” January 29, 2009. http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010
1 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005.
2 "Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)," The Economist [US], July 21, 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile, (accessed February 23, 2010).
3 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 2.
4 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda, Providencia Administritiva, Directorio de Responsibilidad Social, Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual, December 22, 2009, Article 3.
5 RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions,” Correo del Orinoco, January 26, 2010, http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336, (accessed 28 February 2010).
6 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press, accessed from Forbes.com, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
7 Tamara Pearson, “Venezuela’s Chavez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests,” Venezuelanalysis.com, http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113, February 2, 2010, (accessed February 21, 2009).
8 Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan Police Scatter Protesters as Chavez Supporters Marks Anniversary of his 1992 Coup,” The Canadian Press, February 4, 2010.
9 Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias, “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada,” February 3, 2010, http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1, (accessed February 21, 2010).
10 Washington Office on Latin America, “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic,” 29 January, 2009, http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
11 Fabiola Sanchez, “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets,” The Canadian Press, February 22, 2010.
12 Christopher Toothaker, “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration,” The Canadian Press, January 23, 2010.
13 "Venezuela," World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA Accessed March 16, 2010.
14 Christopher Toothaker, “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable,” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html, (accessed February 21, 2009).
15 World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010.
16 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 6.
17 Federal Communications Commission, “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
18 Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta, Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television, Gaceta Oficial 38.333, December 12, 2005, Article 10.
19 Personal communication
20 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
21 Federal Communications Commission, “The Emergency Alert System,” http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
22 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
23 Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
24 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 87 paragraph 343.
25 Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela, December 30, 2009, available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf, p. 97 paragraph 373 .
26 Reporters Without Borders, “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station,” February 3, 2010, http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html, (accessed February 21, 2010).
27 David Edwards, "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad, " NACLA Report on the Americas 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale,
http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A168775819&source=gale&userGroupName=vic_regent&version=1.0>, (accessed February 23, 2010).
28 TeleSUR, “El Canal,” http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"Broadcast battles; Venezuela.(Venezuela's broadcasting battles)." The Economist [US] 21 July 2007: 39US. Academic OneFile. Web. 23 Feb. 2010.
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias . “Embajador Chaderton respondió a las acusaciones de EEUU y Canadá por caso RCTV.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218759&lee=1. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias. “Autorización para marcha opositora del 4F fue negada.” February 3, 2010. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=218748&lee=1 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Asamblea Nacional de la Republica Boliviariana de Venezuela Decreta. Ley de Responsibilidad Social en Radio y Television. Gaceta Oficial 38.333. December 12, 2005.
Cañizález, Andrés. “Media and government in Venezuela: what price freedom?” Media Development 2: 25-48, 2008.
Edwards, David. "Chavez and RCTV: media enemies at home and abroad. " NACLA Report on the Americas. 40.5 (Sept-Oct 2007): 51(2). Academic OneFile. Gale. 23 Feb. 2010
Fabiola Sanchez, “Venezuelan police scatter protesters as Chavez supporters marks anniversary of his 1992 coup,” The Canadian Press, 02/04/2010,
Federal Communications Commission. “Obscene, indecent, and profane broadcasts.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/obscene.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
-----. “The Emergency Alert System.” Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/eas.html (accessed February 23, 2010).
Gale Group, 2010. Gale Virtual Reference Library, Venezuela Media. Http://go.galegroup.com Accessed February 10, 2010.
Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. Técnica sobre los Servicios de Producción Nacional Audiovisual. Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Publicas y Vivienda. Providencia Administritiva. Directorio de Responsibilidad Social. December 22, 2009.
Organization of American States Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Democracy and Human Rights in Venezuela. Organization of American States. December 30, 2009. Available at http://cidh.org/pdf%20files/VENEZUELA%202009%20ENG.pdf. Associated Press. “Anti-Chávez TV Vows to Maintain Tough Stance.” The New York Times. February 12, 2010. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/02/12/world/AP-LT-Venezuela-Media.html?_r=1&emc=eta1.
Pearson, Tamara. “Venezuela’s Chávez Calls for Calm after Violent Pro-RCTV Protests.” Venezuelanalysis.com. February 2, 2010. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5113 (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Five Cable TV Stations Allowed to Resume Broadcasting but RCTVI Still Suspended.” February 4, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Six-tv-channels-suspended-over.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
Reporters Without Borders. “Presidential Speeches Should Have to be Broadcast by Just One Station.” February 3, 2010. http://www.rsf.org/Presidential-speeches-should-have.html. (Accessed February 21, 2010).
RNV Web Press, “RCTV broke the law on repeated occasions.” Correo del Orinoco. 26 January 2010. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=118336.
Sanchez, Fabiola. “Owners of anti-Chavez TV to launch new channel, seek return to Venezuela's television sets.” The Canadian Press. 2/22/2010.
TeleSUR. “El Canal.” TeleSur, http://www.telesurtv.net/noticias/canal/index.php (accessed February 23, 2009).
TelesSUR Website.
Toothaker, Christopher. “Anti-Chávez TV Channel Removed from Cable.” Associated Press accessed from Forbes.com. January 24, 2010. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2010/01/24/general-lt-venezuela-media_7298640.html. (Accessed February 21, 2009).
-----. “Venezuela Opposition Protests Domestic Woes, Chavez Supporters Mount Counter Demonstration.” The Canadian Press. 01/23/2010
"Venezuela." World Mark Encyclopedia of the Nations 2007. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700178.html#MEDIA (accessed March 16, 2010).
Washington Office on Latin America. “WOLA Faults Suspension of Cable TV Stations in Venezuela; Sees Deliberate Effort to Stifle Government Critic.” January 29, 2009. http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=viewp&id=1048&Itemid=8, (accessed 28 February 2010).
World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Subscription available at Http:// http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html Accessed February 10, 2010
Monday, March 01, 2010
Cuba’s Health Politics: At Home and Abroad
1 For a full discussion of the history, ideology and organisation of the Cuban health system, and its medical diplomacy and biotechnology development, see Julie M. Feinsilver, Healing the Masses: Cuban Health Politics at Home and Abroad, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
2 Ibid., pp. 37-40.
3 Médicos de la familia y cobertura según provincias, Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2007, Fuente: Registro de profesionales de la salud y Dirección de Atención Primaria, 2007, http://bvs.sld.cu and Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadística 2008 (Edición 2009), Tables 19.1, 19.4 and 19.5 Coverage was reorganized in late 2007. There were 932 fewer family doctors in 2008 than 2006, which could be due to a number of factors such as natural attrition, further specialization, system rationalization or defection while abroad.
4 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, pp. 117-18.
5 Ibid., pp. 40-41, 44-47.
6 Ibid., pp. 58-62, 122-55.
7 ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’, available from http://www.dne.sld.cu.
8 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Health in the Americas 2007, Washington: PAHO, 2007, available from http://www.paho.org.
9 Ibid.
10 Table 87, ‘Ejecución del presupuesto y gasto por habitante 1959, 1960, 1965, 1970 – 2006’, Año anuario 2006, Fuente: Registros administrativos de la Dirección Nacional de Finanzas y Contabilidad.
11 República de Cuba, Dirección Nacional de Estadística del Ministerio de Salud Pública, Sistema Nacional de Salud Políticas, Estrategias y Programas. Havana, Cuba, December 1998. ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’.
12 PAHO, Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2007, p. 4.
13 Republica de Cuba, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones de la Salud Pública en Cuba para el 2015, Havana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas, February 2006, p. 64.
14 Abelardo Ramírez Márquez and Cándido López Pardo, ‘A Monitoring System for Health Equity in Cuba’, MEDICC Review, 7(9), Nov/Dec 2005, available from http://ww.medicc.org.
15 Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones.
16 Republica de Cuba, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2008 (Edición 2009), available from http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm.
17 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, Chapter 6, ‘Cuban Medical Diplomacy’ (on comparison with the former Soviet bloc and China, see pp. 159-160).
18 Interview with Carlos Lovo, Advisor to the Salvadoran Minister of Health at that time, Washington, 30 April 2009.
19 Cuban Cooperation, Website of the Cuban Governmental Cooperation in the Health Sector, http://www.cubacoop.com (available in Spanish and English); and ‘Cubans to help boost local health sector’, Jamaica Observer, 10 May 2008.
20 Feinsilver, Healing The Masses, Chapter 6.
21 ‘Cuban medical cooperation in South Africa highlighted’, Cuba Direct (online),
26 May 2009, available from http://emba.cubaminrex.cu.
22 http://www.cubacoop.com.
23 Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
24 http://www.cubacoop.com.
25 AFP, ‘Massive UN vote in support of lifting US embargo on Cuba’, 29 October
30 2008.
26 http://www.cubacoop.com.
27 Ibid.
28 Aleksei Aleksandrov, ‘Health care: The secrets of Cuban medicine’, Argumenty i Fakty (mass-circulation weekly), Moscow, 17 September 2003, reprinted in World Press Review, 50(12), 2003; and ‘Over 20,000 children from Chernobyl rehabilitated in Cuba,’ Caribbean Net News, 2 April 2009, available from http://www.caribbeannetnews.com.
29 Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana: cuando la izquierda lo ha hecho bien
[Cuban medical diplomacy: When the left has got it right]’, Foreign Affairs en
Español, 6(4), 2006, pp. 81-94. The English version is available from http://
www.coha.org.
30 Feinsilver, ‘Cuba as a world medical power: the politics of symbolism’, Latin American Research Review, 24(2), 1989, p. 1; and Healing the Masses.
31 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo: la diplomacia médica cubana recibe apoyo de sus amigos [Oil-for-Doctors: Cuban medical diplomacy gets a little help from a Venezuelan friend]’, Nueva Sociedad, 216(July-August), 2008, available in both English and Spanish from http://www.nuso.org; and Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana’.
32 Dr. Miriam Gran Álvarez, ‘Estructura de la BMC’, 1 February 2008, available from http://colaboracion.sld.cu.
33 ‘Report on Cuban healthcare professionals in Bolivia’, Periódico 26, 16 July
2008, available from http://www.periodico26.cu.
34 http://www.cubacoop.com.
35 Prensa Latina, 4 August 2008.
36 Interviews with Doctors Félix Rigoli and Eduardo Guerrero, PAHO, Washington, 30 April 2009; UVS website http://www.uvirtual.sld.cu; Steve Brouwer, ‘Fidel’s WMDs versus Bush’s WMDs: World medical doctors are more powerful than weapons of mass destruction’, 14 November 2008 and ‘WMDs – World Medical Doctors – now being produced in Venezuela’, 13 November 2008, both posted to the blog site, Venezuela Notes, and available at http://www.venezuelanotes.blogspot.com; and ‘Cuba: More Doctors for the World’, MEDICC Review, 14 April 2008, available from http://www.medicc.org.
37 Personal communication from Saul Landau, whose daughter was one of those who passed the FMG in the US, 8 May 2009.
38 Data on medical graduates from a personal communication from Dr. Francisco Rojas Ochoa, Distinguished Professor and Editor of Revista cubana de salud pública, February 3, 2010; and Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
39 Embassy of India (Havana), ‘Annual Commercial & Economic Report-2006’, No.Hav/Comm/2007, 13 April 2007.
40 Carmelo Mesa-Lago, ‘The Cuban economy in 2008-2009: Internal and external challenges, state of the reforms and perspectives’, International Seminar on Cuba, Tulane University and Centro de Investigación y Adiestramiento Político Administrativo, San Jose, Costa Rica, 3-4 February 2009 (to be published in a book edited by Paolo Spadoni).
41 Interview with Dr. Félix Rigoli, PAHO, 30 April 2009.
42 Tal Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting to US while overseas’, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 10 October 2007 (posted at http://www.coha.org).
43 Elise Andaya, ‘The Gift of health: Socialist medical practice and shifting material and moral economies in post-Soviet Cuba’, Medical Anthropology Quarterly (2009).
44 Ibid. and Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists but continue being socialists: Medicalized subjectivities, emergent capital, and socialist entrepreneurs in post-Soviet Cuba’, American Ethnologist, 35(2), May 2008.
45 Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting’.
46 The nature of the activity of defection makes valid estimates difficult. Neither Homeland Security nor the State Department’s Cuba Desk would provide any information and said that they did not have that data. Abbady cites Rep. Lincoln Diaz-Balart’s office indicating that 1,000 Cuban doctors have come to the US under a special program announced in 2006.
47 US Department of Homeland Security, US Customs and Immigration Services, ‘Fact Sheet: Parole for Cuban Medical Personnel in Third Countries’, 19 September 2006.
48 Mike Ceasar, ‘Cuban doctors abroad helped to defect by new us visa policy’, World Politics Review, 1 August 2007.
49 Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadistico 2008 (Edición 2009), Table
19.21.
50 Ibid., Table 19.4.
51 On the disparity between rhetoric and practice and the nature of doctor-patient relations in the Cuban health system, see Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘Macroeconomic change and the biopolitics of health in Cuba’s special period’, Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 10(2), 2005; Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists’; and Elise Andaya, ‘The gift of health’.
52 María Isabel Domínguez, ‘Cuban social policy: principal spheres and targeted social groups’, Latin American Perspectives, 36(2), March 2009.
53 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo [Oil-for-Doctors]’.
2 Ibid., pp. 37-40.
3 Médicos de la familia y cobertura según provincias, Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2007, Fuente: Registro de profesionales de la salud y Dirección de Atención Primaria, 2007, http://bvs.sld.cu and Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadística 2008 (Edición 2009), Tables 19.1, 19.4 and 19.5 Coverage was reorganized in late 2007. There were 932 fewer family doctors in 2008 than 2006, which could be due to a number of factors such as natural attrition, further specialization, system rationalization or defection while abroad.
4 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, pp. 117-18.
5 Ibid., pp. 40-41, 44-47.
6 Ibid., pp. 58-62, 122-55.
7 ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’, available from http://www.dne.sld.cu.
8 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Health in the Americas 2007, Washington: PAHO, 2007, available from http://www.paho.org.
9 Ibid.
10 Table 87, ‘Ejecución del presupuesto y gasto por habitante 1959, 1960, 1965, 1970 – 2006’, Año anuario 2006, Fuente: Registros administrativos de la Dirección Nacional de Finanzas y Contabilidad.
11 República de Cuba, Dirección Nacional de Estadística del Ministerio de Salud Pública, Sistema Nacional de Salud Políticas, Estrategias y Programas. Havana, Cuba, December 1998. ‘La Reforma Del Sector de la Salud’.
12 PAHO, Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2007, p. 4.
13 Republica de Cuba, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones de la Salud Pública en Cuba para el 2015, Havana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas, February 2006, p. 64.
14 Abelardo Ramírez Márquez and Cándido López Pardo, ‘A Monitoring System for Health Equity in Cuba’, MEDICC Review, 7(9), Nov/Dec 2005, available from http://ww.medicc.org.
15 Ministerio de Salud Pública, Proyecciones.
16 Republica de Cuba, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2008 (Edición 2009), available from http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm.
17 Feinsilver, Healing the Masses, Chapter 6, ‘Cuban Medical Diplomacy’ (on comparison with the former Soviet bloc and China, see pp. 159-160).
18 Interview with Carlos Lovo, Advisor to the Salvadoran Minister of Health at that time, Washington, 30 April 2009.
19 Cuban Cooperation, Website of the Cuban Governmental Cooperation in the Health Sector, http://www.cubacoop.com (available in Spanish and English); and ‘Cubans to help boost local health sector’, Jamaica Observer, 10 May 2008.
20 Feinsilver, Healing The Masses, Chapter 6.
21 ‘Cuban medical cooperation in South Africa highlighted’, Cuba Direct (online),
26 May 2009, available from http://emba.cubaminrex.cu.
22 http://www.cubacoop.com.
23 Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
24 http://www.cubacoop.com.
25 AFP, ‘Massive UN vote in support of lifting US embargo on Cuba’, 29 October
30 2008.
26 http://www.cubacoop.com.
27 Ibid.
28 Aleksei Aleksandrov, ‘Health care: The secrets of Cuban medicine’, Argumenty i Fakty (mass-circulation weekly), Moscow, 17 September 2003, reprinted in World Press Review, 50(12), 2003; and ‘Over 20,000 children from Chernobyl rehabilitated in Cuba,’ Caribbean Net News, 2 April 2009, available from http://www.caribbeannetnews.com.
29 Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana: cuando la izquierda lo ha hecho bien
[Cuban medical diplomacy: When the left has got it right]’, Foreign Affairs en
Español, 6(4), 2006, pp. 81-94. The English version is available from http://
www.coha.org.
30 Feinsilver, ‘Cuba as a world medical power: the politics of symbolism’, Latin American Research Review, 24(2), 1989, p. 1; and Healing the Masses.
31 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo: la diplomacia médica cubana recibe apoyo de sus amigos [Oil-for-Doctors: Cuban medical diplomacy gets a little help from a Venezuelan friend]’, Nueva Sociedad, 216(July-August), 2008, available in both English and Spanish from http://www.nuso.org; and Feinsilver, ‘La diplomacia médica cubana’.
32 Dr. Miriam Gran Álvarez, ‘Estructura de la BMC’, 1 February 2008, available from http://colaboracion.sld.cu.
33 ‘Report on Cuban healthcare professionals in Bolivia’, Periódico 26, 16 July
2008, available from http://www.periodico26.cu.
34 http://www.cubacoop.com.
35 Prensa Latina, 4 August 2008.
36 Interviews with Doctors Félix Rigoli and Eduardo Guerrero, PAHO, Washington, 30 April 2009; UVS website http://www.uvirtual.sld.cu; Steve Brouwer, ‘Fidel’s WMDs versus Bush’s WMDs: World medical doctors are more powerful than weapons of mass destruction’, 14 November 2008 and ‘WMDs – World Medical Doctors – now being produced in Venezuela’, 13 November 2008, both posted to the blog site, Venezuela Notes, and available at http://www.venezuelanotes.blogspot.com; and ‘Cuba: More Doctors for the World’, MEDICC Review, 14 April 2008, available from http://www.medicc.org.
37 Personal communication from Saul Landau, whose daughter was one of those who passed the FMG in the US, 8 May 2009.
38 Data on medical graduates from a personal communication from Dr. Francisco Rojas Ochoa, Distinguished Professor and Editor of Revista cubana de salud pública, February 3, 2010; and Prensa Latina, 11 April 2008.
39 Embassy of India (Havana), ‘Annual Commercial & Economic Report-2006’, No.Hav/Comm/2007, 13 April 2007.
40 Carmelo Mesa-Lago, ‘The Cuban economy in 2008-2009: Internal and external challenges, state of the reforms and perspectives’, International Seminar on Cuba, Tulane University and Centro de Investigación y Adiestramiento Político Administrativo, San Jose, Costa Rica, 3-4 February 2009 (to be published in a book edited by Paolo Spadoni).
41 Interview with Dr. Félix Rigoli, PAHO, 30 April 2009.
42 Tal Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting to US while overseas’, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 10 October 2007 (posted at http://www.coha.org).
43 Elise Andaya, ‘The Gift of health: Socialist medical practice and shifting material and moral economies in post-Soviet Cuba’, Medical Anthropology Quarterly (2009).
44 Ibid. and Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists but continue being socialists: Medicalized subjectivities, emergent capital, and socialist entrepreneurs in post-Soviet Cuba’, American Ethnologist, 35(2), May 2008.
45 Abbady, ‘Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting’.
46 The nature of the activity of defection makes valid estimates difficult. Neither Homeland Security nor the State Department’s Cuba Desk would provide any information and said that they did not have that data. Abbady cites Rep. Lincoln Diaz-Balart’s office indicating that 1,000 Cuban doctors have come to the US under a special program announced in 2006.
47 US Department of Homeland Security, US Customs and Immigration Services, ‘Fact Sheet: Parole for Cuban Medical Personnel in Third Countries’, 19 September 2006.
48 Mike Ceasar, ‘Cuban doctors abroad helped to defect by new us visa policy’, World Politics Review, 1 August 2007.
49 Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadistico 2008 (Edición 2009), Table
19.21.
50 Ibid., Table 19.4.
51 On the disparity between rhetoric and practice and the nature of doctor-patient relations in the Cuban health system, see Pierre Sean Brotherton, ‘Macroeconomic change and the biopolitics of health in Cuba’s special period’, Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 10(2), 2005; Brotherton, ‘We have to think like capitalists’; and Elise Andaya, ‘The gift of health’.
52 María Isabel Domínguez, ‘Cuban social policy: principal spheres and targeted social groups’, Latin American Perspectives, 36(2), March 2009.
53 Feinsilver, ‘Médicos por petroleo [Oil-for-Doctors]’.
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