Geoff LeGrand: Bienvenido Señor Ahmadinejad: Tehran’s Expanding Latin American Grid

1 Farah, Douglas. "Iran in Latin America: An Overview." In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008, 13 and Dodson, Michael and Manochehr Dorraj. “Populism and Foreign Policy in Venezuela and Iran.” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 2008, 71-87. http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/files/archives/08%20Dodson.pdf

2 Brun, Elodie. "Iran's Place in Venezuelan Foreign Policy." In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits, 35-49. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008, 35

3 Douglas 2008, 13

4 "Mexico; Energy cooperation agreement with Iran - with emphasis on nuclear energy." Voice of the Republic of Iran. Tehran, 1991.Retreived from LexisNexis.

5 “Member States.” Organization of the Islamic Conference. http://www.oic-oci.org/member_states.asp

6 Frasco, Robert and Ariel Farrar-Wellman, “Argentina-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/argentina-iran-foreign-relations

7 "Iran Triples Latin American Trade To US $2.9 Billion." Santiago Times. Santiago, 2009. http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17784:iran-triples-latin-american-trade-to-us29-billion&catid=48:other&Itemid=122.

8 “Hillary Clinton fails to convince Brazil to support Iran sanctions.” Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0304/Hillary-Clinton-fails-to-convince-Brazil-to-support-Iran-sanctions, “Iran signs nuclear fuel-swap deal with Turkey.” BBC news. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8685846.stm,

9 “Ecuador, Iran agree to build 3 hydroelectric centers.” China People’s Daily.2010 http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6913478.html

10 Arsenault, Chris “Venezuela's multi-polar disorder.” Al Jazeera 2010. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/10/20101021235410120197.html

11 “Iran, Bolivia united against imperialism” Press TV 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/148405.html, “No uranium plan with Iran: Bolivia” Press TV 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/149155.html

12 "Iran , Venezuela vow to form anti-imperialism front."Press TV. 2009. http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=105376§ionid=351020101.

13 Farah 2008, 15

14 Iran Economic Indicators. European Union http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/iran/

15 Perez-Stable, Marifeli. "Brazil key to curbing Iran's influence" Miami Herald. Miami, 2010. http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/04/23/1593789/brazil-key-to-curbing-irans-influence.html

16 "Iran Triples Latin American Trade To US $2.9 Billion."

17 Maradiaga, Félix and Javier Melendez “Iranian-Nicaraguan Relations Under the Sandinista Government.” In In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas.

18 Farah 2008, 14-15

19 “Iran to transfer technology to Venezuela.”PressTV.2010. http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/147379.html

20 Javad Heydarian, Richard ”Iran’s Adventures in Latin America.” Foreign Policy in Focus.2010.
http://www.fpif.org/articles/irans_adventures_in_latin_america.

21 “Iran loans 200 million euros to Bolivia.” PressTV. 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/140857.html and Frasco, Robert and Ariel Farrar-Wellman, “Bolivia-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/bolivia-iran-foreign-relations

22 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Ecuador-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/ecuador-iran-foreign-relations

23 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Cuba-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/cuba-iran-foreign-relations

24 “Argentina-Iran Foreign Relations” and Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Chile-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Chile-iran-foreign-relations

25 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Brazil-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Brazil-iran-foreign-relations

26 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Mexico-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Mexico-iran-foreign-relations

27 Nasseri, Ladane "Iran Khodro to Make More Cars in Senegal, Venezuela" Bloomberg.2006. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-10-11/iran-khodro-to-make-more-cars-in-senegal-venezuela.html
28 Farah, Douglas. "Iran In The Western Hemisphere." Testimony Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittees on the Western Hemisphere The Middle East Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Trade. October 2009. http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/fara102709.pdf

29 "MP says Iran should not invest in Latin America." Aftab-e Yazd. 2009. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "Iranian MP defends president's policies in Latin America." Press TV 2009. Retrieved from LexisNexis.

30 Richard, Ivan. "Presidential advisor says Brazil ‘not defending’ Iran" Agencia Brasil. Brasilia, 2010, Janiot, Patricia and Juan Munoz. “President-elect: Brazil will keep Iran ties, remain global player” CNN http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-04/world/brazil.rousseff.interview_1_president-luiz-inacio-lula-jose-serra-brazilian-women?_s=PM:WORLD and “Brazil president-elect speaks against Iran stoning.” Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/03/AR2010110305762.html

31 "Iranian official says Argentine remarks 'move to promote Zionist regime's aims'." Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network 1. Tehran, 1997, Alconada Mon, Hugo. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "The Shadow of Iran in Argentina Takes on a Suspicious Shape." in Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance, Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits, 51-64. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008.

32 Farah 2008, 14-15

33 Ibid, 16

34 Ibid

35 O'Connor, Anne-Marie, and Mary Beth Sheridan. "Iran's Invisible Nicaragua Embassy; Feared Stronghold Never Materialized" Washington Post 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/12/AR2009071202337.html

36 "Iran Latin America confab sees expansion of commercial ties." Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network 1. 2008. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "Iran , Latin America construct new world system” PressTV 2008, http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/68734.html "Venezuela ' s Chavez attends unveiling of Simon Bolivar statue in Tehran." Iranian News Agency (IRNA), 2004. Retrieved from LexisNexis.

37 For example, see Iran and Latin America: Ayatollahs in the Backyard. The Economist.2009. http://www.economist.com/node/14969124?story_id=14969124

38 Gertz, Bill. "Iran boosts Qods shock troops in Venezuela ; Pentagon predicts U . S . clash with Islamist paramilitary.” Washington Times. 2010. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/apr/21/iran-boosts-qods-shock-troops-in-venezuela/

39 Farah 2008, 17

40 Ibid
41 Melman, Yossi. "Argentina: Iran behind bombs at Israeli embassy, Jewish center" Haaretz, 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/news/argentina-iran-behind-bombs-at-israeli-embassy-jewish-center-1.235493

42 Hennigan, Tom. "US fears over Iranian presence in Latin America." Irish Times, 2010. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0424/1224269035362.html

43 For more in depth examination of the general implications of the development of an “Axis of Oil” see: Leverett, Flynt. The New Axis of Oil. New America Foundation, 2006. http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/the_new_axis_of_oil and Stelzer, Irwin M. "The Axis of Oil." Weekly Standard, 2005. www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/.../200alybw.asp

44 For example, see Walser, Ray. “What to Do about Hugo Chavez: Venezuela's Challenge to Security in the Americas.” Heritage Foundation, 2009. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/02/what-to-do-about-hugo-chaacutevez-venezuelas-challenge-to-security-in-the-americas

45 Karmon 2009, 14

46 Farah 2009

47 Walser 2009

48 Farah 2008, 15

49 Abn, Tamara Pearson. "North American Imperialism and the Extreme Right are Behind Coup in Honduras: Chavez." Venezuelaanalysis.com, 2010. http://venezuelaanalysis.com/news/4555.

50 Leverett 2005