“A Shepherd Must Tend His Flock”: Examining the Complications between Cartels and Catholicism

[1]  “Gustavo Gutiérrez,” Liberation Theology: Online Resource Center, September 23, 2011, http://liberationtheology.org/people-organizations/gustavo-gutierrez/.

[2] Joseph A. Palermo, “Archbishop Oscar Romero: Thirty Years and Little Learned,” The Huffington Post, March 24, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-a-palermo/archbishop-oscar-romero-t_b_511399.html; “Gustavo Gutiérrez,” Liberation Theology: Online Resource Center, September 23, 2011, http://liberationtheology.org/people-organizations/gustavo-gutierrez/.

[3]  “Gustavo Gutiérrez,” Liberation Theology: Online Resource Center, September 23, 2011, http://liberationtheology.org/people-organizations/gustavo-gutierrez/.

[4] Burton Kirkwood, The History of Mexico, 2^nd ed., Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing, 2010.

[5] Malcolm Beith, “In Mexico’s Drug War, Church Caught in the Storm,” National Catholic Reporter, February 11, 2011, http://ncronline.org/news/global/mexicos-drug-war-church-caught-storm.

[6] Phillip Smith, “Latin America: Mexican Catholic Church in Narco-Dollar Embarrassment,” Stopthedrugwar.org, April 11, 2008, http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/2008/apr/11/latin_america_mexican_catholic_c.

[7] Damien Cave, “Mexican Church Takes a Closer Look at Donors,” The New York Times, March 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/world/americas/07church.html?_r=2&ref=drugtrafficking.

[8] Roderic Al Camp, “Foreign Policy: Church and Narcostate,” National Public Radio, August 13, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111881461.

[9] “Mexico’s Calderón Calls on the Pope to Alleviate Drug Violence,” NTD Television, May 3, 2011, http://english.ntdtv.com/ntdtv_en/news_northamerica/2011-05-03/mexico-s-calderon-calls-on-the-pope-to-alleviate-drug-violence.html.

[10] Burton Kirkwood, The History of Mexico, 2^nd ed., Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing, 2010.

[11] Malcolm Beith, “In Mexico’s Drug War, Church Caught in the Storm,” National Catholic Reporter, February 11, 2011, http://ncronline.org/news/global/mexicos-drug-war-church-caught-storm.

[12] Ibid.

[13] Damien Cave, “Mexican Church Takes a Closer Look at Donors,” The New York Times, March 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/world/americas/07church.html?_r=2&ref=drugtrafficking.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Ibid.

[16] “The Law of the Seal of Confession,” New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia, September 27, 2011, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13649b.htm.

[17] Roderic Al Camp, “Foreign Policy: Church and Narcostate,” National Public Radio, August 13, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111881461.

[18] Roderic Al Camp, “Foreign Policy: Church and Narcostate,” National Public Radio, August 13, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111881461.

[19] Malcolm Beith, “In Mexico’s Drug War, Church Caught in the Storm,” National Catholic Reporter, February 11, 2011, http://ncronline.org/news/global/mexicos-drug-war-church-caught-storm.

[20] George Grayson, Mexico: Narco-violence and a Failed State, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2010.

[21] Malcolm Beith, “In Mexico’s Drug War, Church Caught in the Storm,” National Catholic Reporter, February 11, 2011, http://ncronline.org/news/global/mexicos-drug-war-church-caught-storm. 

[22] Roderic Al Camp, “Foreign Policy: Church and Narcostate,” National Public Radio, August 13, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111881461.

[23] Damien Cave, “Mexican Church Takes a Closer Look at Donors,” The New York Times, March 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/world/americas/07church.html?_r=2&ref=drugtrafficking.

[24] Malcolm Beith, “In Mexico’s Drug War, Church Caught in the Storm,” National Catholic Reporter, February 11, 2011, http://ncronline.org/news/global/mexicos-drug-war-church-caught-storm.

[25] John 6:37, The New American Catholic Bible.

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The Rise of Femicide and Women in Drug Trafficking

^[1] Azaola, Elena, Campbell, Howard, Carey, Elaine, Correa-Cabrera, Guadalupe. (August 25, 2011) “What Roles Are Women Playing in Mexico’s Drug War?”, Inter-American Dialogue.  (Originally published in the Dialogue’s daily Latin America Advisor), Accessed October 2011, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=2729.

^[2]Ibid.

^[3] Acosta, Nick, March 29, 2011, “UN Math on Human Smuggling Not Sound” Insitecrime, Accessed Ocotober 2011,
http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/722-un-math-on-human-smuggling-not-sound.

^[4]Abadinsky, Howard, Organized crime (7^th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth Learning, 2003 pg 177

^[5] McShane, Larry, February 24, 2010, “Lingerie model Angie Valencia running global cocaine ring -- using fellow catwalkers as mules: cops” New York Daily News, Accessed October 2011, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-02-24/news/27057196_1_cocaine-ring-cocaine-couriers-drug-ring.

^[6] Campbell, Howard, “Female Drug Smugglers on the U.S.- Mexico Border: Gender, Crime, and Empowerment” (2008)  Anthropological Quarterly Winter 2008 issue, Accessed October 2011, http://www.antropologi.info/blog/anthropology/2008/study_drug_smuggling_as_vehicle_for_fema.

^[7] WOLA Staff, Dec 8 2010, “New Study Reveals Alarming Pattern in Imprisonment for Drug Crimes in Latin America”, Accessed October 2011, http://www.wola.org/es/node/2032. 

^[8] Forsythe, Clare, September 5, 2011 “Women Targeted by Mexico Drug Violence”, In Sight Crime, Accessed October 2011,  http://www.insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/1512-women-targeted-by-mexico-drug-violence.

^[9] United Nations, New York, 2008 “Human Trafficking: An Overview” Accessed October 2011Pg.7. www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/knowledge/ebook.pdf.

^[10] Tuckman, Jo; Carroll, Roy, December 9th, 2010 “Mexico's drugs cartels increasingly recruiting women, study finds”, The Guardian, Accessed October 2011, http://flarenetwork.org/learn/central_and_south_america/article/mexicos_drugs_cartels_increasingly_recruiting_women_study_finds.htm.

^[11] Campbell.

^[12]Wilkinson, Tracey, November 10, 2009, “Women Play a Bigger Role in Mexico’s Drug War”, Los Angeles Times, Accessed October 2011,  http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/10/world/fg-narco-women10/3. 

^[13]Cave, Damien, August 13, 2011 “Mexico’s Drug War Feminized” New York Times, Accessed October 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/sunday-review/mexicos-drug-war-draws-in-women.html?_r=3.

^[14] WOLA Staff. 

^[15] Ibid.

^[16]Forsythe.

^[17] Stone, Hannah, May 23 2011, “El Salvador Sees Epidemic of Violence Against Women”, In Site Crime, Accessed October 2011,http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/960-el-salvador-sees-epidemic-of-violence-against-women. 

^[18]Toledo, Pastili August 14, 2011 “The Drug War Femicides”, Accessed October 2011, http://www.truth-out.org/drug-war-femicides/1313336346.  

^[19]Staff, April 7, 2011, “Honduras, Segundo Lugar en Femicidios de CA”, El Heraldo, Accessed October 2011, http://www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2011/04/08/Noticias/Honduras-segundo-lugar-en-femicidios-de-CA.

^[20]Toledo. 

^[21]Brownsville Herald Staff , June 11, 2011,  “Female Assassins a Growing Part of Drug Cartels”, Brownsville Herald, Accessed October 2011, http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/articles/cartels-127626-drug-female.html.

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El Gobierno calla mientras más periodistas mueren en Honduras

[1]Amato, Victoria. Entrevistada por Gabriela Acosta. Grabación. Washington, D.C., 26 de mayo de 2011.

[2]Ibíd.

4 Freedom House. “Freedom House condena recientes asesinatos y ataques a los periodistas de Honduras” Freedom House. 26 de mayo de 2011. Web.
5“Honduras segundo país más peligroso para los periodistas” La Tribuna, 29 de mayo de 2010.

6Custodio, Ramón. Entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Teleconferencia. 6 de junio, 2011.

7Custodio, Ramón. Entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Teleconferencia. 6 de Junio, 2011.

[8]“Un informe dice que Estados Unidos no puede justificar sus gastos en la guerra contra el narcotráfico” Los Angeles Times, 9 de junio de 2011.

9O’Connor, Mike. “La muerte de periodistas deja entrever los fracasos del gobierno hondureño”, Reporte Especial CPJ. 27 de julio de 2010. Web.

[10]García, Lisseth. Entrevistada por Olga Imbaquingo. Entrevista vía E-mail. 10 de junio de 2011.

[11]Ibíd.

[12]Johnson, Tim. “La policía hondureña ignora el aumento de ataques a los periodistas y gays” McClatchyNewspapers 11 de Abril de 2011. Mcclatchy.com

[13]López, Osmán. Entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Teleconferencia. Junio 7, 2011.

[14]Ibíd.

[15]Ibíd.

[16] Castellanos, Freddy Alberto. Entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Entrevista vía E-mail. 9 de junio de 2011.

[17] Ibíd.

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Leta Restavek: The Suppression of Democracy in Haiti

[1] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[2] UN News Centre. "Extending UN peacekeeping force in Haiti, Security Council cuts troop numbers," UN News Centre, October 14, 2011, accessed October 16, 2011, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40059&Cr=haiti&Cr1= ; BBC News. "UN to reduce Haiti peacekeeping force," BBC News, October 14, 2011, accessed October 16, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15314563; UN News Centre; "Ban and Haitian leader discuss plan to reduce military component of UN mission," UN News Centre, September 19, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39608&Cr=&Cr1=

[3] UN News Centre, "Ban and Haitian leader."

[4] "Video of U.N. Peacekeepers' Sexual Assault of Haitian Prompts Calls to Focus on Post-Quake Rebuilding," Democracy Now (New York), September 6, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.democracynow.org/2011/9/6/video_of_un_peacekeepers_sexual_assault. See also Panchang, Deepa. "Haiti: Contesting the UN Occupation," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.6 (New York, 2010): 5-7, accessed September 26, 2011.

[5] See upcoming articles for additional information and citations.

[6] Archibold, "Haiti Leader.".

[7]Pastor, Robert, "A Popular Democratic Revolution in a Predemocratic Society: The Case of Haiti" in Haiti Renewed: Political and Economic Prospects, ed. Robert I. Rotberg (Harrisonburg, VA: The World Peace Foundation and R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co., 1997), 121; Buncombe, Andrew, UN admits civilians may have died in Haiti peacekeeping raid," The Independent (London), July 15, 2008, accessed September 28, 2011, "http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/un-admits-civilians-may-have-died-in-haiti-peacekeeping-raid-522317.html..

[8] Sprague, Jeb. "The Fanmi Lavalas Political Project," NACLA Report on the Americas 41.6 (New York, 2008): 46-47, accessed September 29, 2011.
Annis, Roger. "Haiti's Election Debacle: A Coup Legacy," NACLA Report on the Americas 44.1 (New York, 2011): 22-25, accessed September 26, 2011.

[9] For further historical background, see ibid; Sprague, Jeb, "The Fanmi Lavalas," 46-47; Klein, Naomi. "My date with Aristide," Now Magazine 24.47 (Toronto), July 21, 2005, accessed Spetember 29, 2011, http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=148513&archive=24,47,2005.

[10] "MINUSTAH Background," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/background.shtml.

[11] Ives and Herz, "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files."

[12] "Restoring a Secure and Stable Environment," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/.

[13] ibid.; "MINUSTAH Facts and Figures," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 27, 2011, http://www. un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml. For the full mandate, see "MINUSTAH Mandate," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/mandate.shtml.

[14] Michael J. Matheson, "Statement of Professor Michael J. Matheson, George Washington University Law School, Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight," House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Washington D.C.), July 23, 2008, accessed September 29, 2011, http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/mat072308.pdf.

[15] UN News Centre. "Extending UN peacekeeping force."

[16] Grandin, Greg, and Keane Bhatt, "10 Reasons Why the UN Occupation of Haiti Must End," The Nation (New York), September 26, 2011, accessed September 29, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/163632/10-reasons-why-un-occupation-haiti-must-end.

[17] Panchang, Deepa. "Haiti: Contesting," 5-7.

[18] Center for Economic and Policy Research. "Wikileaked Document on MINUSTAH Describes Lack of Public Support, Political Motives for Brazilian Leadership." Center for Economic and Policy Research. November 30, 2010, accessed October 17, 2011, http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/relief-and-reconstruction-watch/wikileaked-document-on-minustah-describes-lack-of-public-support-political-motives-for-brazilian-leadership.

[19] Pulch, "Secret."

[20] Ives, Kim, and Ansel Herz. "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files," The Nation (New York), August 5, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/162598/wikileaks-haiti-aristide-files

[21] ibid.

[22] Pulch, "Secret."

[23] Sprague, Jeb. "The Fanmi Lavalas Political Project," NACLA Report on the Americas 41.6 (New York, 2008): 46-47, accessed September 28, 2011; Lendman, Stephen, "Achievements Under Aristide, Now Lost," ZNet, December 16, 2005, accessed September 28, 2011, http://www.zcommunications.org/achievements-under-aristide-now-lost-by-stephen-lendman.

[24] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[25] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[26] Doucet, Isabeau. "One Year Later, Haiti Hasn't 'Built Back Better,' The Nation (New York), January 12, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/157665/one-year-later-haiti-hasnt-built-back-better.

[27] "MINUSTAH Background."

[28] Beeton, Dan. "Haiti's Elections: Parties Banned, Media Yawn," NACLA Report on the Americas 44.2 (New York, 2011): 49-52, accessed September 26, 2011.

[29] ibid.; Sprague, Jeb. "The Fanmi Lavalas Political Project," NACLA Report on the Americas 41.6 (New York, 2008): 46-47, accessed September 28, 2011; Lendman, Stephen, "Achievements Under Aristide, Now Lost," ZNet, December 16, 2005, accessed September 28, 2011, http://www.zcommunications.org/achievements-under-aristide-now-lost-by-stephen-lendman.

[30] Beeton, "Haiti's Elections," 49-52.

[31] Coughlin, Dan, and Kim Ives. "WikiLeaks Haiti: Cable Depicts Fraudulent Haiti Election," The Nation (New York), June 8, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161216/wikileaks-haiti-cable-depicts-fraudulent-haiti-election.

[32] ibid.

[33] Beeton, "Haiti's Elections", 49-52; Annis, "Haiti's Election Debacle," 22-25.

[34] Doucet, Isabeau. "One Year Later.'

[35] Beeton, "Haiti's Elections," 49-52.

[36] ibid.

[37] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[38] Panchang, Deepa. "Haiti: Contesting the UN Occupation," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.6 (New York, 2010): 5-7, accessed September 26, 2011.

[39] ibid.

[40] Bell, Beverly. "'We Bend, but We Don't Break': Fighting For a Just Reconstruction in Haiti," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.4 (New York, 2010): 28-31, accessed
September 26, 2011.

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Human Rights Issues Unanswered: Colombia’s Qualifications as an FTA Partner Colombian security at a crossroad, Santos must soon jump off the fence

[1] http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/31/world/la-fg-colombia-defense-minister-20110901

[2] http://www.semana.com/nacion/santos-dice-enemigos-del-reestablecimiento-relaciones-venezuela/161570-3.aspx

[3] http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2011/07/corruption-colombia

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Flow of Chinese Investments Continue to Aid Brazil’s Ascendency

[1] “Fact sheet Brazil China – Trade,” www.brasil.gov.br/para/press/files/fact-sheet-brazil-china-trade

[2] Martin Wolf, “Manufacturing at risk from global shift Asia” Financial Times, May 23^rd 2011, 3.

[3] “Rousseff Wants China Buying More Than Soybeans, Vale’s Iron Ore” April 10^th 2011
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-10/rousseff-wants-china-buying-more-than-soybeans-vale-s-iron-ore.html

[4] “Crowded Out” September 24^th 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21528986

[5] “Dark Side of Brazil’s Boom” Washington Street Journal, September 20^th 2011, 4.

[6] Joe Leahy, “Drawn into an ever closer embrace,” Financial Times, May 23^rd 2011, 1.      

[7] Ibid. 

[8]  “BRIC Summit Deal Gets Brazil-China Trade Relations Back on Track, " April 11 2011, http://moneymorning.com/2011/04/14/bric-summit-deal-gets-brazil-china-trade-relations-back-on-track/

[9]“Yuan Hits 18-Year High as Brazil's New President Joins U.S. Call to Fix Trade Imbalances,” January 4^th 2011, http://moneymorning.com/2011/01/04/yuan-hits-18-year-high-brazils-new-president-joins-us-fix-trade-imbalances/

[10] Ibid.

[11] “Brazil Protects Domestic Trade, slaps Steel Tariff on Chinese Products,” September 7^th 2011, http://www.steelmarketupdate.com/pub/blog/posts/2011/9/7/brazil-protects-domestic-trade-slaps-steel-tariff-on-chinese-products/

[12] Ibid.

[13] “Brazil vows Trade Defense, Targets Chinese Steel,” September 7^th 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/07/brazil-china-trade-idUSN1E78522420110907

[14] “Dark Side of Brazil’s Boom” Washington Street Journal, September 20^th 2011, 4.

[15] “A Self Made Siege,” September 24^th 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21530144

[16] Kathrin Hille, “Telecoms manufacturer makes move to Latin America,” Financial Times May 23^rd 2011, 4.

[17] Eduardo Lora and Carmen Pagés, “Face-to-Face with Productivity,” Finance & Development (2011)

[18] Ibid.

[19] Ibid.

[20] Ibid.

[21] Samantha Pearson, “Poor logistics present a problem for partnership,” Financial Times, May 23^rd 2011, 2.

[22] Ibid.

[23] “Brazil’s Ports in Growth Mode,” September 13^th 2011, http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2011/09/13/brazils-ports-in-growth-mode/

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] China’s Double Edged Trade with Latin America Jordi Zamora (September  4^th 2011)

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Blaring Impunity: Unrelenting Assassinations of Honduran Journalists, the Government Remains all but Quiescent

[1] Amato, Victoria. Interview by Gabriela Acosta. Tape recording. Washington, D.C. , May 26, 2011.

[2]Ibid.Translation.

[3]Freedom House. Freedom House Condemns Recent Murders, Attacks on Honduran Journalists.

[4]Ibid. Translation.

[5]O’Connor, Mike. Journalist murders spotlight Honduran government failures.

[6] García, Lisseth. Interview by Olga Imbaquingo. E-mail interview. June 10, 2011.

[7]Traslation of“No hubo motivaciones políticas en asesinatos de los periodistas”  La Tribuna 21 May. 2010  www.latribuna.hn

[8]Traslation of“No hubo motivaciones políticas en asesinatos de los periodistas”  La Tribuna 21 May. 2010  www.latribuna.hn

[9] Custodio, Ramón. Interview by Olga Imbaquingo. Conference call. June 6, 2011.

[10]Traslation of “No hubo motivaciones políticas en asesinatos de los periodistas”  La Tribuna  21 May. 2010  www.latribuna.hn

[11]Johnson, Tim. “Honduran police ignore rise in attacks on journalists, gays” McClatchy Newspapers 11 Apr. 2011. Mcclatchy.com

[12] López, Osmán. Interview by Olga Imbaquingo. Conference call. June 7, 2011.

[13] Ibid.

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U.S.-Mexican Relations Lead the Way in the Hemispheric Race to the Bottom: Maquiladoras, Free Trade, and a Can of Worms

[1] National Public Radio, "Transcript of President Obama's Job Speech," accessed September 12, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/09/08/140320022/transcript-of-president-obamas-jobs-speech

[2] Colombia Reports: "US-Colombia FTA to be ratified this year: Obama", accessed September 13, 2011, http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/18937-us-colombia-fta-to-be-ratified-within-the-year-obama.html

[3] AFL-CIO, "NAFTA's Seven-Year Itch: Promised Benefits Not Delivered to Workers," accessed September 13, 2011, http://www.aflcio.org/mediacenter/resources/upload/naftabenefitsnotdelivered.pdf

[4] Kate Bronfenbrenner. "We'll Close! Plant Closings, Plant-Closing Threats, Union Organizing and NAFTA," Cornell University ILR School Faculty Publications - Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History (1997); Richard D. Vogel. "The NAFTA Corridors: Offshoring U.S. Transportation Jobs to Mexico," The Monthly Review, 57.9 (2006)

[5] Robert E. Scott, The Economic Policy Institute. "The high price of 'free' trade," Washington, D.C.: The Economic Policy Institute, Briefing Paper 147 (2003), accessed September 13, 2011, http://www.epi.org/publication/briefingpapers_bp147/

[6] Scott, The Economic Policy Institute, "The high price," http://www.epi.org/publication/briefingpapers_bp147/

[7] Entities called maquiladoras exist elsewhere, but this paper will focus on those in Mexico.

[8] The terms maquila and maquiladora are interchangeable.

[9] Kathryn Kopinak, "Gender as a Vehicle for the Subordination of Women Workers in Mexico," Latin American Perspectives, 22.1, "Labor and the Free Market in the Americas," (1995): 31.
According to William Robinson, "the emergence of new post-Fordist flexible regimes of accumulation require 'flexible' and 'just in time' -- that is, casualized, feminized, deunionized, and contingent--labor. Flexibility means that capital abandons reciprocal obligations to labor in the employment contract while states, with their transmutation from developmentalist to neoliberal, roll back public obligations to poor and working majorities." William I. Robinson, Latin America and Global Capitalism: A Critical Globalization Perspective (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 239.

[10] Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, "Southwest Economy Second Quarter 2010: Spotlight: Maquiladora Employment: New Data Confirm Pickup in Juárez Factory Jobs," accessed September 12, 2011, http://dallasfed.org/research/swe/2010/swe1002d.cfm

[11] Due to the limited availability of data, I will focus on the period from 1982 to 2000.

[12] Leslie Sklair, Assembling for Development: The Maquila Industry in Mexico and the United States (San Diego, CA: The University of California, San Diego Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1993), ch. 3

[13] Patricia Ann Wilson, Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras (Austin, TX: University of Texas press, 1992): 40; Sklair, Assembling for Development, 67.

[14] Wilson, Exports and Local Development, 43, fig. 2.

[15] Paul Cooney. "The Mexican Crisis and the Maquiladora Boom: A Paradox of Development or the Logic of Neoliberalism?" Latin American Perspectives, 28.3: "Mexico in the 1990s: Economic Crisis, Social Polarization, and Class Struggle, Part I" (2001): 61, Figure 4; Tamar Diana Wilson: "The Masculinization of the Mexican Maquiladoras," Review of Radical Political Economics, 34.3 (2002), 7, Table 2.

[16] Sklair, Assembling for Development, 73.

[17] It is unclear from the text whether this occurred as part of the same decree. Cooney, "The Mexican Crisis," 62

[18] Press Release: IMF Approves US $17.8 Billion Stand-By Credit for Mexico", written February 1, 1995; accessed September 14, 2011, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/1995/PR9510.HTM

[19] Cooney, "The Mexican Crisis," 59, Figure 3.; ibid., 61, Figure 4; Wilson, "The Masculinization," 7, Table 2.

[20] ibid., 55.

[21] William C. Gruben and Sherry L. Kiser, "NAFTA and Maquiladoras: Is the Growth Connected?" Dallas: The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, June 2001, accessed March 3, 2011, http://www.dallasfed.org/research/border/tbe_gruben.html.

[22] The Economist, "Making the desert bloom," The Economist, August 27, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21526899. (accessed September 15, 2011)

[23] Miller Canfield, "Amendments to the Maquiladora/IMMEX Decree," Miller Canfield, Alert (January 21, 2011), accessed September 15, 2011, http://www.millercanfield.com/publications-alerts-654.html

[24] Koen van't Hek, Michael Becka, and Rocio Mejia, "Mexican government enacts important changes to IMMEX (formerly Maquiladora) regime," Integrante de Ernst & Young Global, IMMEX Newsletter (2010), accessed September 15, 2011,  http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/IMMEX_Newsletter/$FILE/comentarios_832.pdf

[25] Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, "Estadística Mensual del Programa de la Industria Manufacturera, Maquiladora y de Servicios de Exportación (IMMEX): Cuadros y Gráficas con Cifras Nacionales (Julio 2007 - Junio 2011)," Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (September, 2011), accessed September 15, 2011, http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/INMEX/Informaci%C3%B3n_seleccionada_IMMEX.pdf

[26] ibid.; Crossborder Group, Inc., "Mexico's IMMEX Industry (Maquiladora/PITEX): On the Rebound?" Crossborder Group, Inc., Crossborder+Insights (February 17, 2010), accessed September 15, 2011, http://crossbordergroup.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/2010feb17-cinsights-immex-1-employmenttrends.pdf

[27] Border Committee of Women Workers and Rachael Kamel, "Six Years of NAFTA: A View from Inside the Maquiladoras." In Women and Globalization, edited by Delia D. Aguilar and Anne E. Lacsamana. (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2004), 93.

[28] Border Committee and Kamel, "Six Years of NAFTA," 107.

[29] ibid., 93, 98, 106, 112.

[30] Churchill, Nancy, "Maquiladoras, Migration, and Daily Life: Women and Work in the Contemporary Mexican Political Economy," in Women and Globalization, ed. Delia D. Aguilar and Anne E. Lacsamana. (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2004), 132.; Border Committee, "Six Years of NAFTA," generally.

[31] Cooney, "The Mexican Crisis," 59, Fig. 3.; Border Committee, "Six Years of NAFTA," 102.

[32] Border Committee, "Six Years of NAFTA," 100-101.

[33] Churchill, "Maquiladoras, Migration, and Daily Life," 131.

[34] Border Committee and Kamel, "Six Years of NAFTA," 103.

[35] ibid.

[36] ibid., 107-108; Churchill, "Maquiladoras, Migration, and Daily Life, 131.

[37] Border Committee and Kamel, "Six Years of NAFTA," 103, 104.

[38] ibid., 99, 105; Comite Fronteriza de Obrer@s, "Los Trabajadores y Maquiladoras," accessed March 3, 2011, http://www.cfomaquiladoras.org/trabajadoresymaquiladoras.es.html.

[39] Michelle Perla, "Women's Work Preferences in Agua Prieta, Mexico: Maquiladora Work vs. Self-Employment" (conference paper, Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, CA, August 7th-10th, 2009): 25.

[40] Border Committee and Kamel, "Six Years of NAFTA,"  111.

[41] ibid.

[42] Kopinak, "Gender as a Vehicle," 34.

[43] Border Committee and Kamel, "Six Years of NAFTA," 110.

[44] Roberto Frenkel and Jaime Ros, “Unemployment and the Real Exchange Rate in Latin America," World Development 34.4 (2006): 640, Figure 3.

[45] Perla, "Women's Work Preferences," 10.

[46] Border Committee, "Six Years of NAFTA," 98. The Committee writes that "Mexico needs a million new jobs every year; in thirty-four years, by contrast, the maquiladoras have created a total of 1.1 million jobs."

[47] National Public Radio, "Transcript of President Obama's Job Speech."

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