Leta Restavek: The Suppression of Democracy in Haiti

[1] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[2] UN News Centre. "Extending UN peacekeeping force in Haiti, Security Council cuts troop numbers," UN News Centre, October 14, 2011, accessed October 16, 2011, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40059&Cr=haiti&Cr1= ; BBC News. "UN to reduce Haiti peacekeeping force," BBC News, October 14, 2011, accessed October 16, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15314563; UN News Centre; "Ban and Haitian leader discuss plan to reduce military component of UN mission," UN News Centre, September 19, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39608&Cr=&Cr1=

[3] UN News Centre, "Ban and Haitian leader."

[4] "Video of U.N. Peacekeepers' Sexual Assault of Haitian Prompts Calls to Focus on Post-Quake Rebuilding," Democracy Now (New York), September 6, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.democracynow.org/2011/9/6/video_of_un_peacekeepers_sexual_assault. See also Panchang, Deepa. "Haiti: Contesting the UN Occupation," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.6 (New York, 2010): 5-7, accessed September 26, 2011.

[5] See upcoming articles for additional information and citations.

[6] Archibold, "Haiti Leader.".

[7]Pastor, Robert, "A Popular Democratic Revolution in a Predemocratic Society: The Case of Haiti" in Haiti Renewed: Political and Economic Prospects, ed. Robert I. Rotberg (Harrisonburg, VA: The World Peace Foundation and R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co., 1997), 121; Buncombe, Andrew, UN admits civilians may have died in Haiti peacekeeping raid," The Independent (London), July 15, 2008, accessed September 28, 2011, "http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/un-admits-civilians-may-have-died-in-haiti-peacekeeping-raid-522317.html..

[8] Sprague, Jeb. "The Fanmi Lavalas Political Project," NACLA Report on the Americas 41.6 (New York, 2008): 46-47, accessed September 29, 2011.
Annis, Roger. "Haiti's Election Debacle: A Coup Legacy," NACLA Report on the Americas 44.1 (New York, 2011): 22-25, accessed September 26, 2011.

[9] For further historical background, see ibid; Sprague, Jeb, "The Fanmi Lavalas," 46-47; Klein, Naomi. "My date with Aristide," Now Magazine 24.47 (Toronto), July 21, 2005, accessed Spetember 29, 2011, http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=148513&archive=24,47,2005.

[10] "MINUSTAH Background," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/background.shtml.

[11] Ives and Herz, "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files."

[12] "Restoring a Secure and Stable Environment," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/.

[13] ibid.; "MINUSTAH Facts and Figures," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 27, 2011, http://www. un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml. For the full mandate, see "MINUSTAH Mandate," MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/mandate.shtml.

[14] Michael J. Matheson, "Statement of Professor Michael J. Matheson, George Washington University Law School, Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight," House Committee on Foreign Affairs (Washington D.C.), July 23, 2008, accessed September 29, 2011, http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/mat072308.pdf.

[15] UN News Centre. "Extending UN peacekeeping force."

[16] Grandin, Greg, and Keane Bhatt, "10 Reasons Why the UN Occupation of Haiti Must End," The Nation (New York), September 26, 2011, accessed September 29, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/163632/10-reasons-why-un-occupation-haiti-must-end.

[17] Panchang, Deepa. "Haiti: Contesting," 5-7.

[18] Center for Economic and Policy Research. "Wikileaked Document on MINUSTAH Describes Lack of Public Support, Political Motives for Brazilian Leadership." Center for Economic and Policy Research. November 30, 2010, accessed October 17, 2011, http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/relief-and-reconstruction-watch/wikileaked-document-on-minustah-describes-lack-of-public-support-political-motives-for-brazilian-leadership.

[19] Pulch, "Secret."

[20] Ives, Kim, and Ansel Herz. "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files," The Nation (New York), August 5, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/162598/wikileaks-haiti-aristide-files

[21] ibid.

[22] Pulch, "Secret."

[23] Sprague, Jeb. "The Fanmi Lavalas Political Project," NACLA Report on the Americas 41.6 (New York, 2008): 46-47, accessed September 28, 2011; Lendman, Stephen, "Achievements Under Aristide, Now Lost," ZNet, December 16, 2005, accessed September 28, 2011, http://www.zcommunications.org/achievements-under-aristide-now-lost-by-stephen-lendman.

[24] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[25] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[26] Doucet, Isabeau. "One Year Later, Haiti Hasn't 'Built Back Better,' The Nation (New York), January 12, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/157665/one-year-later-haiti-hasnt-built-back-better.

[27] "MINUSTAH Background."

[28] Beeton, Dan. "Haiti's Elections: Parties Banned, Media Yawn," NACLA Report on the Americas 44.2 (New York, 2011): 49-52, accessed September 26, 2011.

[29] ibid.; Sprague, Jeb. "The Fanmi Lavalas Political Project," NACLA Report on the Americas 41.6 (New York, 2008): 46-47, accessed September 28, 2011; Lendman, Stephen, "Achievements Under Aristide, Now Lost," ZNet, December 16, 2005, accessed September 28, 2011, http://www.zcommunications.org/achievements-under-aristide-now-lost-by-stephen-lendman.

[30] Beeton, "Haiti's Elections," 49-52.

[31] Coughlin, Dan, and Kim Ives. "WikiLeaks Haiti: Cable Depicts Fraudulent Haiti Election," The Nation (New York), June 8, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161216/wikileaks-haiti-cable-depicts-fraudulent-haiti-election.

[32] ibid.

[33] Beeton, "Haiti's Elections", 49-52; Annis, "Haiti's Election Debacle," 22-25.

[34] Doucet, Isabeau. "One Year Later.'

[35] Beeton, "Haiti's Elections," 49-52.

[36] ibid.

[37] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[38] Panchang, Deepa. "Haiti: Contesting the UN Occupation," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.6 (New York, 2010): 5-7, accessed September 26, 2011.

[39] ibid.

[40] Bell, Beverly. "'We Bend, but We Don't Break': Fighting For a Just Reconstruction in Haiti," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.4 (New York, 2010): 28-31, accessed
September 26, 2011.

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