Robin Burnette: Martinelli’s Chorizo Law Gets Sliced, but Concerns Remain Over His Past and Potential Future Machinations

1 http://www.newsroompanama.com/business/legal/1434-interpretinglaw-30-the-sausage-law-a-challenge-to-democracy.html

2 http://www.coha.org/panama’s-unraveling-democracy-the-social-cost-of-martinelli’s-chorizo-law/

3 http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/2388410.asp

4 http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/panama/campaign-update-panamanian-president-agrees-revoke-law-30

5 http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20100711182056939

6 http://mostlywater.org/panama_general_strike_rejects_killings_antilabor_laws

7 http://www.newsroompanama.com/business/legal/1434-interpretinglaw-30-the-sausage-law-a-challenge-to-democracy.html?start=1

8 Ibid, The Panama News.

9 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2026938,00.html#ixzz15604jbFR

10 http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/panama/campaign-update-panamanian-president-agrees-revoke-law-30

11 http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_11/news_01.html

12 http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/panama/campaign-update-panamanian-president-agrees-revoke-law-30

13 http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_11/news_01.html

14 http://www.newsroompanama.com/panama/1588-martinellis-approval-rating-crashes-and-cabinet-follows-suit.html

15 http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20101016135207235

16 http://es.noticias.yahoo.com/9/20101116/twl-la-popularidad-de-martinelli-sube-4-e1e34ad.html

17 Jackson, Eric: E-Mail Interview, December 1, 2010

18 http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2010/10/07/uhora/local_2010100718023626.asp

19 http://en.rsf.org/panama-absurd-and-dangerous-ruling-bans-07-10-2010,38510.html

20 http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2010/10/07/uhora/local_2010100718023626.asp

21 http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20101119111847527

22 http://en.rsf.org/panama-absurd-and-dangerous-ruling-bans-07-10-2010,38510.html

23 http://cpj.org/2010/10/in-panama-defamation-conviction-draws-outcry.php

Joseph Crupi: Haiti's Election Debacle

1 http://www.laprensasa.com/2.0/3/309/930638/America-in-English/2-Die-in-Haiti-election-violence.html

2 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/8164791/Attacks-in-Haiti-in-last-hours-before-election.html

3 http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-461/10

4 http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/11/28/haiti-election-candidates457.html

5 http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-1772-haiti-elections-mirlande-manigat-said-that-frauds-are-at-the-benefit-of-inite.html

6 http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/208577/election-chaos-in-haiti-as-candidates-cry-foul

7 http://caracas.eluniversal.com/2010/11/30/int_ava_martelly-y-manigat-e_30A4795097.shtml

8 http://www.progressive.org/mpdanto120110.html

9 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112905619.html

10 http://www.aaj.tv/2010/11/haiti-elections-going-well-un-mission-chief/

11 http://www.latinnews.com/lwr/LWR22480.asp?instance=1

Geoff LeGrand: Bienvenido Señor Ahmadinejad: Tehran’s Expanding Latin American Grid

1 Farah, Douglas. "Iran in Latin America: An Overview." In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008, 13 and Dodson, Michael and Manochehr Dorraj. “Populism and Foreign Policy in Venezuela and Iran.” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 2008, 71-87. http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/files/archives/08%20Dodson.pdf

2 Brun, Elodie. "Iran's Place in Venezuelan Foreign Policy." In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits, 35-49. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008, 35

3 Douglas 2008, 13

4 "Mexico; Energy cooperation agreement with Iran - with emphasis on nuclear energy." Voice of the Republic of Iran. Tehran, 1991.Retreived from LexisNexis.

5 “Member States.” Organization of the Islamic Conference. http://www.oic-oci.org/member_states.asp

6 Frasco, Robert and Ariel Farrar-Wellman, “Argentina-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/argentina-iran-foreign-relations

7 "Iran Triples Latin American Trade To US $2.9 Billion." Santiago Times. Santiago, 2009. http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17784:iran-triples-latin-american-trade-to-us29-billion&catid=48:other&Itemid=122.

8 “Hillary Clinton fails to convince Brazil to support Iran sanctions.” Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0304/Hillary-Clinton-fails-to-convince-Brazil-to-support-Iran-sanctions, “Iran signs nuclear fuel-swap deal with Turkey.” BBC news. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8685846.stm,

9 “Ecuador, Iran agree to build 3 hydroelectric centers.” China People’s Daily.2010 http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6913478.html

10 Arsenault, Chris “Venezuela's multi-polar disorder.” Al Jazeera 2010. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/10/20101021235410120197.html

11 “Iran, Bolivia united against imperialism” Press TV 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/148405.html, “No uranium plan with Iran: Bolivia” Press TV 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/149155.html

12 "Iran , Venezuela vow to form anti-imperialism front."Press TV. 2009. http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=105376§ionid=351020101.

13 Farah 2008, 15

14 Iran Economic Indicators. European Union http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/iran/

15 Perez-Stable, Marifeli. "Brazil key to curbing Iran's influence" Miami Herald. Miami, 2010. http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/04/23/1593789/brazil-key-to-curbing-irans-influence.html

16 "Iran Triples Latin American Trade To US $2.9 Billion."

17 Maradiaga, Félix and Javier Melendez “Iranian-Nicaraguan Relations Under the Sandinista Government.” In In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas.

18 Farah 2008, 14-15

19 “Iran to transfer technology to Venezuela.”PressTV.2010. http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/147379.html

20 Javad Heydarian, Richard ”Iran’s Adventures in Latin America.” Foreign Policy in Focus.2010.
http://www.fpif.org/articles/irans_adventures_in_latin_america.

21 “Iran loans 200 million euros to Bolivia.” PressTV. 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/140857.html and Frasco, Robert and Ariel Farrar-Wellman, “Bolivia-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/bolivia-iran-foreign-relations

22 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Ecuador-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/ecuador-iran-foreign-relations

23 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Cuba-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/cuba-iran-foreign-relations

24 “Argentina-Iran Foreign Relations” and Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Chile-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Chile-iran-foreign-relations

25 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Brazil-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Brazil-iran-foreign-relations

26 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Mexico-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Mexico-iran-foreign-relations

27 Nasseri, Ladane "Iran Khodro to Make More Cars in Senegal, Venezuela" Bloomberg.2006. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-10-11/iran-khodro-to-make-more-cars-in-senegal-venezuela.html
28 Farah, Douglas. "Iran In The Western Hemisphere." Testimony Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittees on the Western Hemisphere The Middle East Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Trade. October 2009. http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/fara102709.pdf

29 "MP says Iran should not invest in Latin America." Aftab-e Yazd. 2009. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "Iranian MP defends president's policies in Latin America." Press TV 2009. Retrieved from LexisNexis.

30 Richard, Ivan. "Presidential advisor says Brazil ‘not defending’ Iran" Agencia Brasil. Brasilia, 2010, Janiot, Patricia and Juan Munoz. “President-elect: Brazil will keep Iran ties, remain global player” CNN http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-04/world/brazil.rousseff.interview_1_president-luiz-inacio-lula-jose-serra-brazilian-women?_s=PM:WORLD and “Brazil president-elect speaks against Iran stoning.” Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/03/AR2010110305762.html

31 "Iranian official says Argentine remarks 'move to promote Zionist regime's aims'." Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network 1. Tehran, 1997, Alconada Mon, Hugo. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "The Shadow of Iran in Argentina Takes on a Suspicious Shape." in Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance, Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits, 51-64. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008.

32 Farah 2008, 14-15

33 Ibid, 16

34 Ibid

35 O'Connor, Anne-Marie, and Mary Beth Sheridan. "Iran's Invisible Nicaragua Embassy; Feared Stronghold Never Materialized" Washington Post 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/12/AR2009071202337.html

36 "Iran Latin America confab sees expansion of commercial ties." Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network 1. 2008. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "Iran , Latin America construct new world system” PressTV 2008, http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/68734.html "Venezuela ' s Chavez attends unveiling of Simon Bolivar statue in Tehran." Iranian News Agency (IRNA), 2004. Retrieved from LexisNexis.

37 For example, see Iran and Latin America: Ayatollahs in the Backyard. The Economist.2009. http://www.economist.com/node/14969124?story_id=14969124

38 Gertz, Bill. "Iran boosts Qods shock troops in Venezuela ; Pentagon predicts U . S . clash with Islamist paramilitary.” Washington Times. 2010. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/apr/21/iran-boosts-qods-shock-troops-in-venezuela/

39 Farah 2008, 17

40 Ibid
41 Melman, Yossi. "Argentina: Iran behind bombs at Israeli embassy, Jewish center" Haaretz, 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/news/argentina-iran-behind-bombs-at-israeli-embassy-jewish-center-1.235493

42 Hennigan, Tom. "US fears over Iranian presence in Latin America." Irish Times, 2010. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0424/1224269035362.html

43 For more in depth examination of the general implications of the development of an “Axis of Oil” see: Leverett, Flynt. The New Axis of Oil. New America Foundation, 2006. http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/the_new_axis_of_oil and Stelzer, Irwin M. "The Axis of Oil." Weekly Standard, 2005. www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/.../200alybw.asp

44 For example, see Walser, Ray. “What to Do about Hugo Chavez: Venezuela's Challenge to Security in the Americas.” Heritage Foundation, 2009. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/02/what-to-do-about-hugo-chaacutevez-venezuelas-challenge-to-security-in-the-americas

45 Karmon 2009, 14

46 Farah 2009

47 Walser 2009

48 Farah 2008, 15

49 Abn, Tamara Pearson. "North American Imperialism and the Extreme Right are Behind Coup in Honduras: Chavez." Venezuelaanalysis.com, 2010. http://venezuelaanalysis.com/news/4555.

50 Leverett 2005

HIV/AIDS in Indigenous Communities: Indo-America’s Forgotten Victims

1- Special Theme: the Millennium Development Goals and indigenous peoples: redefining the Goals, Information Received from the United Nations system, E/C.19/2006/6/Add.10, 2006. New York: United Nations Economic and Social Council, 21 March 2006. Pgs. 1-19. Retrieved from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/unaidsindigenousissuespaper_en.pdf on November 5, 2010.

2- Reynolds, Louisa. HIV/AIDS could spread among indigenous communities. Latinamerica Press/ Noticias Aliadas. 7/30/2009. Retrieved from http://www.lapress.org/articles.asp?art=5915 on November 8, 2010.

3- García, Judith. Análisis de Situación de ITS, VIH, y SIDA, Guatemala, agosto 2007. Boletín Epidemiológico Nacional, No. 23. Pgs. 52-26. Retrieved from http://epidemiologia.mspas.gob.gt/ on October 28th, 2010. Translated by author.
4- Zavaleta, Carol, Connie Fernández, Kelika Konda, Yadira Valderrama, Sten H. Vermund, and Eduardo Gotuzzo. High Prevalence of HIV and Syphilis in a Remote Native Community of the Peruvian Amazon. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76(4), 2007, pgs. 703-705. Retrieved from http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/76/4/703 on November 5, 2010.

5- United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). HIV and AIDS in the Americas. Final Report, 2008.

6- Hernández-Rosete, Daniel, Maya García Olivia, Bernal Enrique, Castañeda Xóchitl, Lemp George. Migración y ruralización del SIDA: relatos de vulnerabilidad en comunidades indígenas de México. Rev. Saúde Pública, Vol. 42, Number 1, February 2008 Pgs. 131-138. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-89102008000100017&lng=en on December 1, 2010. Translated by author.

7- Subways, Suzy. Land and Freedom: Indigenous Communities in Oaxaca, Mexico Fight HIV and Repression. Community HIV/AIDS Mobilization Project. Retrieved from http://www.champnetwork.org/solidarity_project/2008/12/en/land-and-freedom-indigenous-communities-oaxaca-mexico-fight-hiv-and-re on November 12, 2010.

8- Carías, Nusly. Sida se mueve como fantasma entre indígenas. Elheraldo.hn. August 4, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/2457 on November 10, 2010. Translated by author.

9- Sierra, M. C. Paredes, R. Pinel, J. Fernandez, S. Mendoza, B. Branson. Seroepidemiologic study of syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV in the Farifuna population of El Triunfo de la Crz, Bajamar, Sambo Creek and Corozal. Report from the Honduras Ministry of Health, Subsecretary for Populations at Risk. The Department of Control and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, AIDS and Tuberculosis. Honduras Ministry of Health, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 1999.

10- Paz-Bailey, Gabriela, Sonia Morales-Miranda, Jerry Jacobsen, Sundeep Gupta, Keith Sabin, Suyapa Mendoza, Mayte Paredes, Berta Alvarez, and Edgar Monterroso. High Rates of STD and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Garifunas in Honduras. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Vol. 51, May 2009. Pgs. S26-S34. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2009/05011/High_Rates_of_STD_and_Sexual_Risk_Behaviors_Among.5.aspx on November 10, 2010.

11- Sabin, Miriam, George Luber, Keith Sabin, Mayte Paredes, Edgar Monterroso. Rapid Ethnographic Assessment of HIV/AIDS among Garífuna Communities in Honduras: Informing HIV Surveillance among Garífuna Women. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Vol. 17, Issue 3 & 4. June 2008. Pgs. 237-257. Retrieved from http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a903745512&fulltext=713240928 on November 10, 2010.

12- Abya-Yala Kuyarinakui. Promoción de la salud sexual y prevención del VIH-sida y de las ITS en los pueblos indígenas de las Américas. Primer Taller de Intercambio de Experiencias y Formulación de Estrategias a Futuro en Salud Reproductiva y Educación Sexual. Ecuador, June 2003. P: 15. Retrieved from http://www.paho.org/Spanish/AD/FCH/AI/SSIA06.pdf on November 12, 2010. Translated by author.

13- Price, Richard. Maroons in Suriname and Guyane: how many and where. New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indiche Gids. 76, no: 1/2. Leiden 2002, P: 84. Retrieved from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/nwig/article/viewFile/3463/4224 on November 12, 2010.

14- Panama HIV Country Profile. World Health Organization. December 2005. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/HIVCP_PAN.pdf on November 12, 2010.

15- Cambell, Zenaida M. and Miguel Brugiatti. Informe nacional sobre los progresos realizados en la aplicación del UNGASS--Panamá Enero 2006 -- Diciembre 2007. Ministerio de Salud / Programa Nacional de VIH y SIDA and ONUSIDA. P: 5. Translated by author.

16- Survival International. HIV reaches Yanomami in Amazon. 27 January 2010. Retrieved from http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5480 on November 12, 2010.

17- McKenna, Neil. A disaster waiting to happen. WorldAIDS. Vol: 27. May 1993. P: 5-6. Note: This article has become very difficult to find, but COHA/the author has a copy available free of charge.

Nikolas Kozloff: Wikileaks and Latin America: Same Old Imperious U.S. Diplomats

1 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/cable/2005/05/05BRASILIA1207.html

2 http://www.nikolaskozloff.com/blog.htm?post=711517

3 http://www.nikolaskozloff.com/blog.htm?post=673532

4 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BUENOSAIRES1311.html

5 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09STATE132349.html

More Grim Days Ahead for Haiti

1 Tomlinson, Alan. “Haiti election halted after poll massacre: Ousted dictator’s Tontons Macoute murder voters” The Times November 30, 1987 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive/tol_archive/article6987683.ece

2 Carter, Jimmy. “Haiti’s Election Needs Help” The Carter Center October 1, 1990 http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1379.html

3 GlobalSecurity.org. “Post-Duvalier Transition 1986-1990” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/politics-post-duvalier.htm

4 Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government and National Democratic Institute for International Affairs “The 1990 General Elections in Haiti” http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/electionreports/democracy/FinalReportHaiti1990.pdf

5 Political Database of the Americas “Haiti: 1990 Presidential Election Results” http://pdba.georgetown.edu/elecdata/haiti/90pres.html

6 United Nations Mission in Haiti. “Background: Summary” http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unmihbackgr1.html

7 United Nations Mission in Haiti. “End of mission summary” September 1996 http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unmih_b.htm

8 "Chomsky on Haiti: Aid Should Go to Haitian Popular Organizations, Not to Contractors or NGOs” Counterpunch March 9, 2010http://chomsky.info/interviews/20100309.htm

9 Pastor, Robert A. “Report on the Elections in Haiti, June 25, 1995” The Carter Center http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1248.pdf

10 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti: Parliamentary Chamber: Sénat: Elections Held in 1995” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2138_95.htm

11 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti: Parliamentary Chamber: Sénat: Elections Held in 1997” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2138_97.htm

12 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti: Parliamentary Chamber: Chambre des Députés: Elections Held in 2000” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2137_00.htm

13 Klein, Naomi. “My date with Aristide” NOW Vol. 24 No. 47. July 21-28, 2005 http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7u61Xq

14 CNN World News. “Aristide says U.S. deposed him in 'coup d'etat'” March 1, 2004 http://articles.cnn.com/2004-03-01/world/aristide.claim_1_haitian-rebels-haitian-president-haiti-james-foley?_s=PM:WORLD

15 “Republic of Haiti Interim Cooperation Framework 2004-2006 Summary Report” July 2004 http://haiticci.undg.org/uploads/ReportVersion8%20Eng%20FINAL%20Low%20Res.pdf

16 BBC News. “Haiti priest barred from election” September 14, 2005 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4245146.stm

17 Dupuy, Alex. “Haiti Election 2006: A Pyrrhic Victory for René Préval?”
Latin American Perspectives Vol. 33, No. 3 (May, 2006), pp. 132-14

18 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti Sénat: Elections Held in 2006” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2138_06.htm

19 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti Sénat: Last Elections” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2138_E.htm

20 HaitiAction.net. “AP misrepresents reality of Lavalas exclusion in Haiti elections” November 29, 2009 http://www.haitiaction.net/News/HNW/11_29_9/11_29_9.html

21 Charles, Jacqueline. “Haitian President René Préval asks to remain in office” The Miami Herald May 5, 2010
http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/05/05/1615553/haitian-president-rene-preval.html

22 Speri, Alice. “Wyclef Jean appealing Haiti election ruling, says 'trickery' used” Christian Science Monitor August 24, 2010 http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0824/Wyclef-Jean-appealing-Haiti-election-ruling-says-trickery-used

23 Edmonds, Kevin. “The Assault on Haitian Democracy” North American Congress on Latin America August 23, 2010 https://nacla.org/node/6700

24 "Extraordinary Meeting of the Group of Friends of Haiti” October 27, 2010

25 Ives, Kim. “Fanmi Lavalas Blasts "Mascarade Selections" and Occupation” HaitiAnalysis.com October 22, 2010 http://www.haitianalysis.com/2010/10/22/lavalas-family-blasts-mascarade-selections-and-occupation

26 Ives, Kim. “Musicians, Doctors, Activists, Technocrats and Politicians: 34 Candidates Bid for Haiti’s Presidency” Canada Haiti Action Network August 18, 2010 http://canadahaitiaction.ca/content/kim-ives-writes-haiti-election

27 Ibid

28 Charles, Jacqueline. “For now, Haiti's presidential candidates in quest for unity” The Miami Herald September 9, 2010 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/09/08/1815038_p2/for-now-haitis-presidential-candidates.html

29 Ibid

30 “Deuxieme Sondage Du Brides” Bureau de Recherche en Informatique et en Developpement Economique et Social October 24, 2010 http://media.miamiherald.com/smedia/2010/10/27/10/sondages_forum_24_Octobre.source.prod_affiliate.56.pdf

31 Padgett, Tim and Jessica Desvarieux. “The Woman Who Would Be Haiti’s Next President” Time November 15, 2010 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031412,00.html

32 Charles, Jacqueline. “Mirlande Manigat, Jude Célestin lead in Haiti's presidential race, poll says” The Miami Herald October 27, 2010 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/10/27/1893682/mirlande-manigat-jude-celestin.html

33 Klarreich, Kathie. “Haiti’s Next Big Crisis: How to Hold Elections” Time March 18, 2010 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1973228,00.html

34 Delva, Joseph Guyler. “US lawmakers warn of flaws in Haiti vote process” Reuters October 8, 2010 http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N08243279.htm

35 Quinn, Andrew. “Clinton says elections key to Haiti stability” Reuters March 9, 2010 http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N09242953.htm

36 "Congresswoman Waters & Colleagues Urge Secretary Clinton to Support Fair, Free, Inclusive Haitian Elections” October 7, 2010 http://waters.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=211192

Bethan Rafferty/Problems with Taxation in Latin America

1 http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,3343,en_2649_33745_30575447_1_1_1_1,00.html

2 http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/ACF5F8.pdf

3 http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/introduction.html?ref=menuside

4 http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2009-09-24/100-people-every-minute-pushed-poverty-economic-crisis

5 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/feb/13/tax-gap-cayman-islands

Kelsey Strain/Director Birns: The Mid-Term Elections: An Easy Prediction for the Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations

1 http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/05/ileana_ros_lehtinen_once_called_for_the_assassination_of_fidel_castro

2 http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=36875

3 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/04/us/politics/04rubio.html?pagewanted=all

4 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/04/us/politics/04rubio.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2&partner=rss&emc=rss

5 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11713417

6 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6A813G20101109?pageNumber=1

7 http://www.bendixenandassociates.com/Cuba_Flash_Poll_Executive_Summary.html

Robert Valencia: Reconciling the Views of Business and Labor

1 http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/guatemala_a_tal.html

2 http://www.radioiowa.com/2010/04/14/postville-mayor-says-community-still-recovering-from-immigration-raid/

3 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/24/rupert-murdoch-mayor-bloo_n_623805.html

4 http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/12/high_skilled_immigrants.html

Sonja Salzburger: Made in Brazil: Confronting Child Labor

1 Lynn, Jonathan: Brazil’s Lula calls for new world economic order. June 15, 2009.
http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE55E3C420090615?pageNumber=1

2 Unicef: Brazil owes its children a huge debt , President tells child-friendly reporters. 22 July 2004. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/brazil_22497.html

3 Bild News Ticker: Kinderarbeit in Brasilien rückläufig. September 8, 2010.
http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/telegramm/news-ticker,rendertext=13902208.html

4 Pernsteiner, Johannes: Brasilien: Kinderarbeit weit verbreitet. Fortschrittliche Verfassung ist keine Garantie für Schutz der Kinder. 12.06.2009.

5 Brasilianische Botschaft: Schutz von Kindern und Jugendlichen. April 22, 2008. http://brasilianische-botschaft.de/politik/schutz-von-kindern-und-jugendlichen/

6 Pernsteiner, Johannes: Brasilien: Kinderarbeit weit verbreitet. Fortschrittliche Verfassung ist keine Garantie für Schutz der Kinder. 12.06.2009. http://pressetext.de/news/090612010/brasilien-kinderarbeit-weit-verbreitet/

7 Salmon, Claire: Child Labor in Bangladesh: Are Children the Last Economic Resource of the Household? In: Journal of Developing Societies. June 2005, vol. 21, no 1-2, p: 33-54

8 Pernsteiner, Johannes: Brasilien: Kinderarbeit weit verbreitet. Fortschrittliche Verfassung ist keine Garantie für Schutz der Kinder. 12.06.2009. http://pressetext.de/news/090612010/brasilien-kinderarbeit-weit-verbreitet/

9 Levison/Degraff/Robinson International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy Vol: 29 Issue: 3-4, 2009, p: 152 – 163

10 Buckley, Stephen: The little laborers. Why does child labor continue to thrive in the developing world? In. Washington Post, March 2006 http://www.commondreams.org/views/031600-102.htm

11 Brazil-Education: Principles, Aims and Objectives. http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-education.htm htm

12 Brasil Gate: Die Situation der Schulen. 2007. http://www.brasilgate.com/main/bildungkultur.php

13 Emerson, Patrick/ Portela Souza, André: Child Labor, School Attendance and Intrahousehold Gender Bias in Brazil. 2007.
http://people.oregonstate.edu/~emersonp/childlabor/gender.pdf

14 French, Lawrence: Children’s Labor Market Involvement, Household Work, and Welfare: A Brazilian Case Study. In: Journal of Business Ethics. 3/2010.

15 Amin, Shahina/Quayes, Shakil/ Rives, Janet M.: World Development, Volume 34, Issue 7, July 2006, p: 1271-1286

16 Basu, Kaushik: International Labor Standards and Child Labor. 1999. Challenge, vol. no. 5, September/October 1999: pp. 80-93

17 French, Lawrence: Children’s Labor Market Involvement, Household Work, and Welfare: A Brazilian Case Study. In: Journal of Business Ethics. 3/2010.

18 BBC News: Brazil: Key facts and figures. May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8702891.stm

19 The World Bank: Bolsa Familia. Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21447054~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html

20 The Economist: Brazil: Happy families . An anti poverty scheme invented in Latin America is winning converts worldwide. February 7, 2008. http://www.economist.com/node/10650663?story_id=10650663

21 The World Bank: Bolsa Familia. Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21447054~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html

22 Hall, Anthony: From Fome Zero to Bolsa Familia. Social Policies and Poverty Allevation under Lula. October 2004. http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2004/files/HallAnthony_xCD.pdf

23 E-Mail Interview Raymundo Rabelo de Mesquita (October 15, 2010)

24 Caploe, David: Brazil: Poor Education System Major Economic Problem. September 27, 2010. http://www.economywatch.com/economy-business-and-finance-news/brazil-poor-education-system-major-economic-problem-27-09.html

25 International Labor Organization: Child Labor. 2010. http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Child_Labour/lang--en/index.htm

26 Liebel, Manfred: Kindheit und Arbeit. 2001, p. 211 f.

27 Pütter, Benjamin: Kinder- und Sklavenarbeit in indischen Steinbrüchen. Juli 2009. http://www.xertifix.de/kinderarbeit/kinderarbeit-in-steinbruechen.shtml

28 Basu, Kaushik: Child Labor: Cause, Consequence and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. XXXVII (September 1999) pp. 1083–1119

29 Liebel, Manfred: Do children have a right to work? Working children’s movement in the struggle for social justice. 2010. (not published yet)

30 Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook. South America: Brazil. October 27, 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html

31 E-Mail Interview Manfred Liebel October 24, 2010

32 Weisbrot, Mark: Who will allow Brazil to reach its economic potential? September 19, 2010. http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/42877/

33 ibid.

34 Department of Commerce: U.S.-Brazil Commercial Dialogue deepens trade relations. May 2010. http://trade.gov/press/press-releases/2010/us-brazil-commercial-dialogue-deepens-trade-relations-050410.asp

35 Weisbrot, Mark. September 19, 2010.

Joseph Crupi: The Haitian Cholera Outbreak: A Preventable Tragedy?

1 http://www.cdc.gov/haiticholera/situation/

2 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/8084247/Haiti-cholera-outbreak-rural-area-of-Artibonite-takes-the-brunt.html

3 http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/11/2010118225019323724.html

4 http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/earthquakes/haiti/waterydiarrhea_pre-decision_brief.asp

5 http://www.nih.gov/news/radio/feb2010/20100204Haiti.htm

6 http://new.paho.org/disasters/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1104&Itemid=1

7 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/10/the-haiti-cholera-outbreak-what-happens-next/65026/

8 ibid. Pan American Health Organization

9 http://www.who.int/hac/crises/hti/haiti_october2010.pdf

10 ibid. World Health Organization

11 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39407580/

12http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/10/18/jon_stewart_was_wrong_coburn_is_not_holding_up_the_haiti_relief_money

13 http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/IDP-Report-09.23.10-compressed.pdf

14 http://trueslant.com/josephtreaster/2010/01/29/a-drinking-water-crisis-in-haiti-long-before-earthquake-destruction/

15 ibid. Pan American Health Organization

16 http://blogs.redcross.org.uk/emergencies/2010/11/haiti-fighting-cholera-in-the-capital/

17 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11721995

18 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69L21520101024?pageNumber=2

19 http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=E2A35BDB-15C5-F00A-259AB38F3A535A1D&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html

20 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/11/08/v-print/1916088/for-tomas-preval-picked-up-his.html

21 Extraordinary Meeting of the Group of Friends of Haiti, Organization of American States, October 27

22 ibid. Organization of American States

Melissa Graham: China Looks South: Problematic Investments in Latin America

1 http://technews.tmcnet.com/topics/associated-press/articles/106321-repsol-sells-stake-brazil-unit-71b.html

2 http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1744.html

3 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sinopec+buys+Addax+for+7.2+billion+US+dollars-a01611909386

4 http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-16/china-gdp-surpasses-japan-capping-three-decade-rise.html

5 http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RS22119.pdf

6 http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0512/0512002.pdf

7 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704689804575536022547062314.html

8 http://www.investopedia.com/articles/07global_trade.asp

9 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/25/AR2010072502979_3.html?sid=ST2010092006580

10 ibid. Washington Post.

11 ibid. Washington Post.

12 http://carnegieendowment.org/files/latin_leap.pdf

13 ibid. Washington Post.

14 ibid. Washington Post.

15 ibid. Washington Post.

Nicky Pear: Landlocked Bolivia’s Symbolic Step Seaward

1 Bolivia Bella. ‘Landlocked Bolivia’s Day of the Sea’ available at: //www.boliviabella.com/day-of-the-sea.html

2 Bolivia Information Forum Bulletin no.13. July 2009. Available at: http://www.boliviainfoforum.org.uk/inside-page.asp?section=4&page=35

3 LA Times. ‘Landlocked Bolivia Gets Access to the Sea’ Available at http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2010/10/peru-bolivia-port-landlocked.html

4 Peruvian Times. ‘Chile submits final arguments over maritime border dispute with Peru’ Available at:
http://www.peruviantimes.com/chile-submits-final-arguments-over-maritime-border-dispute-with-peru/095253

5 La Prensa.. ‘Cancillería continúa diálogo sobre 13 puntos con Chile’ Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.bo/noticias/25-10-2010/noticias/25-10-2010_6144.php.

6 Merco Press. ‘Bolivian navy to have access to the Pacific for the first time in 130 years’ Available at:
http://en.mercopress.com/2010/10/23/bolivian-navy-to-have-access-to-the-pacific-for-the-first-time-in-130-years

7 The Guardian. ‘Peru Gives Landlocked Bolivia a Piece of the Pacific to Call its Own’ Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/20/peru-gives-bolivia-pacific-shore

Robin Burnette: President Chinchilla: The “Puppet” Sets Her Own Agenda

1 YouTube ‘Marionetas 1: La Conferencia de Laura Chinchilla’ December 31st 2009. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7l8x2f-T9oQ [Accessed October 20th]

2 British Broadcasting Company ‘Laura Chinchilla to be Costa Rica's first female leader’ February 8th 2010. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8503425.stm [Accessed October 10th 2010]

3 Laura-Chinchilla.com ‘Laura Chinchilla’s Vision as Costa Rica President’ 2010. Available at http://laura-chinchilla.com/laura-chinchillas-vision-as-costa-rica-president/’ [Accessed October 9th 2010]

4 Tico Times. ‘Central America and Europe sign trade agreement’ May 19th 2010. Available at http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_05/0519101.cfm [Accessed October 14th]

5 Laura-Chinchilla.com, 2010

6 Reuters ‘Some Central American countries put breaks on mining’ June 2nd 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0213554520100602 [Accessed October 12th]

7 Tico Times ‘Chinchilla signs waste management law’ July 16th 2010. Available at http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_07/0716103.cfm [Accessed October 8th]

8 La Nacion ‘‘País cierra el año con llegada de 1,9 millones de turistas’ December 19th 2007. Available at http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/diciembre/19/economia1358245.html [Accessed October 12th 2010]

9 Tico Times ‘Costa Rica on top 20 list of drug-transit and producing nations’ September 17th 2010. Available at http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_09/0917102.cfm [Accessed October 11th 2010]

10 Global Post ‘7,000 U.S. Marines landing on the beaches of Costa Rica’ July 12th, 2010. Available at http://www.globalpost.com/webblog/costa-rica/7000-us-marines-landing-the-beaches-costa-rica [Accessed October 17th 2010]

11 Prensa Latina ‘Ampliara Costa Rica capacidad de sus carceles’ September 30th, 2010. Available at http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=224803&Itemid=1 [Accessed October 8th 2010]

12 U.S. Department of State August 11th 2010. Available at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2019.htm [Accessed October 8th 2010]

13 UN News Centre ‘Central America under threat from tentacles of drug trade, UN debate hears’ September 23rd 2010.
Available at http://unclef.com/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36105&Cr=drug&Cr1= [Accessed on October 12th 2010]

14 Forum Libertas ‘Oscar Arias, Presidente de Costa Rica, dice que la homosexualidad la manda Dios’ July 4th, 2010. Available at http://www.forumlibertas.com/frontend/forumlibertas/noticia.php?id_noticia=16686 [Accessed October 12th 2010]

15 Catholic News Agency ‘Costa Rican presidential candidate reveals opposition to abortion and same-sex 'marriage'’ February 2nd 2010. Available at http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/costa_rican_presidential_candidate_reveals_opposition_to_abortion_and_same-sex_marriage/ [Accessed on October 24th 2010]

16 New Jersey Newsroom ‘Costa Rica’s Laura Chinchilla to lead a nation as latest female president’ February 9th 2010. Available at http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/international/costa-ricas-laura-chinchilla-to-lead-a-nation-as-latest-female-president [Accessed on October 24th 2010]

17 Tico Times ‘Chinchilla wins whopping 76 percent approval rating’ September 14th 2010. Available http://www.ticotimes.net/layout/set/print/News/Daily-News/Chinchilla-Wins-Whopping-76-Percent-Approval-Rating_Friday-September-24-2010 [Accessed October 12th 2010]

Challenges Ahead for Brazil’s First Female President

1 “Brazil Elects Dilma Rousseff as First Female President.” BBC. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11662623.

2 Andrew Downie. “New Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff Will Need Lula's Charisma.” TIME Magazine. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2028581,00.html.

3 Downie.

4 “Brazil President-elect Rousseff pledges gender equality.” BBC. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11666013.

5 Taylor Barnes. “Dilma Rousseff set to win Brazil election. Did she really need Lula to play the gender card?” The Christian Science Monitor. 31 Oct. 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/1031/Dilma-Rousseff-set-to-win-Brazil-election.-Did-she-really-need-Lula-to-play-the-gender-card.

6 Roy Greenslade. “Press Freedom Pledge by Brazil’s New President.” Greenslade Blog. The Guardian. 2 Nov. 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/greenslade/2010/nov/02/press-freedom-dilma-rousseff.

7 “Dilma Rouseff wins Brazil’s Presidential Elections” The Guardian. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/01/dilma-rousseff-wins-brazil-president.

McCall Breuer: Brazil and UNASUR: Regional Security, and the Nation’s World Sanding in the Era of Rousseff’s Rule

1 “Constitutuve Treaty of UNASUR/Tratado Constitutivo de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas,” http://www.cdsunasur.org/images/stories/Creacion/Tratado_constitutivo_UNASUR.pdf. 20 Sept. 2010.

2 Birnbaum, Ben. “FARC rebels seek ‘political solution’ to Colombia conflict.”Washington Post 23 Aug. 2010. //www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/aug/23/farc-rebels-political-solution-colombia-conflict/. 13 Sept. 2010.

3 ”Global Governance, South-South Economic Relations, and Foreign Policy Strategies,” Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/brazil.IBSAemergingpowers.pdf. Oct. 4 2010.

4 ”IBSA and Brazil’s Regional Policy: Competing or Complimentary Foreign Policy Dimensions?” Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars. Oct. 4 2010.

5 George Gray Molina, Global Leaders Fellow at the University of Oxford, speaking at the Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 4 2010.

6 Ibid.

7 Pew Global Attitudes Project, http://pewglobal.org/2010/09/22/brazilians-upbeat-about-their-country-despite-its-problems/6/. 25 Sept. 2010.

Seeds of Change in Little Havana: Fresh Perspectives Eventually Emerge in the Cuban Exile Community

1 Torres, Maria. 1999. In the Land of Mirrors - Cuban Exile Politics in the United States Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

2 Bishin, Benjamin et al. 2009. ‘Miami Dade’s Cuban-American Voters in the 2008 Election’ Cuban Affairs 4(1).

3 Pilley, Anna-Claire. 2000. The Elian Gonzalez Case and Cuban American Political Culture MA Dissertation. Institute for the Study of the Americas.

4 Perez Jr, Louis A. 1994. Essays on Cuban History: Historiography and Research Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

5 Torres, 1999.

6 Gomez, Andy and Eugenio M. Rothe. 2004. ‘Value Orientations and Opinions of Recently Arrived Cubans in Miami’ University of Miami. Available at www.miami.edu/iccas/publications.htm [Accessed July 28th, 2010].

7 The Florida Times-Union. ‘Many Younger Cuban-Americans Splitting with Parents on Politics’ October 31st, 2004. Available at http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/exile/younger-voters.htm [Accessed July 21st, 2010].

8 Bishin et al, 2009.

9 Gomez, Andy. 2010. ‘New Trends in the Cuban-American Community (Poll)’ Available at democracyinamericas.org/.../New_Trends_Cuban-American_Community.pdf [Accessed August 20th, 2010].

10 Bishin, Benjamin et al. 2008. ‘What to Expect from the Cuban-American Electorate’ Cuban Affairs 3(3).

11 Interview with senior fellow at the Centre for Cuban and Cuban American Studies, University of Miami. Held on 7th June.

12 Bendixen & Associates. 2009. National Poll on Cubans and Cuban-Americans on Changes to Cuba Policy Available at http://www.bendixenandassociates.com/Cuba_Flash_Poll_Executive_Summary.html [Accessed June 7th, 2010].

13 Interview with founding member of ‘Youth for a Free Cuba’ group at the University of Miami. Held on 14th June.

14 LatinoResearch. 2004. ‘Anti-Castro Political Ideology among Cuban-Americans in the Miami Area: Cohort and Generational Differences’ Available at latinostudies.nd.edu/pubs/pubs/Grenchun.pdf [Accessed August 10th, 2010].

15 Molyneux, Maxine. 1999. ‘The Politics of the Cuban Diaspora in the United States’ in Victor Bulmer Thomas and James Dunkerly ed. The US and Latin America: The New Agenda London: Institute for Latin American Studies.

16 Interview with senior fellow at the Centre for Cuban and Cuban American Studies, University of Miami. Held on 7th June.

17 Interview with former committee member of Free Cuba Foundation. Held on 3rd June.

18 Interview with former President of the Free Cuba Foundation at Florida International University. Held on 4th June.

19 Los Angeles Times. ‘A Last Gasp of the Émigré Old Guards’ April 2nd, 2000.

20 The Observer. ‘Elian Gonzales and the Cuban Crisis: Fallout from a Big Row over a Little Boy’ February 21st 2010.

21 Ibid, 2010.

22 Molyneux, 1999.

23 Entrepreneur. ‘Exile Groups Implosion Could Mean Loss of Influence in Washington’ August 21st, 2001. Available at http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/77575793.html [Accessed August 10th, 2010].

24 The Observer, 2010.

25 Cuban American National Foundation. 2009. ‘A New Course for Cuban Policy: Advancing People Driven Change’ Available at http://www.canf.org/issues/policy-positions/ [Accessed July 10th, 2010].

26 Florida International University. 2007. ‘Cuba Poll’ Available at http://www2.fiu.edu/~ipor/cuba8/pollresults.html [Accessed July 23rd, 2010].

Chile’s Lesser Told Story: The Mapuche Hunger Strike

1 Luis Campos. “Los mapuches no son cubanos. 34 es más que 33.” El Clarín. 24 Sept. 2010. http://www.elclarin.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22458&Itemid=7778. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “Más enterrados que los propios mineros, las demandas y los derechos de los indígenas continúan siendo transgredidos y no reconocidos en nuestros país.”

2 Ruth Collins. "The Untold Story of the Mapuche Hunger Strike." New Statesman Rolling Blog. 15 Sept. 2010. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/09/mapuche-hunger-chile

3 “Chile: Piñera anuncia cambios en reglamentación minera a fin de garantizar seguridad.” Revista Generacción. 24 Aug. 2010.
http://www.generaccion.com/usuarios/29805/chile-pinera-anuncia-cambios-reglamentacion-minera-fin-garantizar-seguridad.

4 For a more detailed analysis of Chile’s anti-terrorism legislation and its relation to Mapuche activism, please see COHA Research Associate Elizabeth Benjamin’s November 29th article entitled “Chile Invokes Pinochet Era Anti-Terrorism Law Against Mapuche Demonstrators.” http://www.coha.org/chile-invokes-pinochet-era-anti-terrorism-law-against-mapuche-demonstrators.

5 “Chile: Terror Law Violates Due Process for Mapuche.” Human Rights Watch. 27 Oct. 2004. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/10/27/chile-terror-law-violates-due-process-mapuche.

6 Martín Romero. “Piñera: ‘Huelga de hambre es un medio de presión ilegítimo’” La Nación, 8 Sept. 2010. http://www.nacion.cl/pinera-huelga-de-hambre-es-un-medio-de-presion-ilegitimo-/noticias/2010-09-08/112147.html. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “una huelga de hambre es un instrumento de presión ilegitimo en democracia.”

7 “Tomaron el camino equivocado.” El Mercurio de Antofagasta. 19 Sept. 2010. http://www.mercurioantofagasta.cl/prontus4_noticias/site/artic/20100919/pags/20100919023534.html. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: "No confundamos al pueblo mapuche que está participando de este Bicentenario, con la situación de 34 comuneros que han elegido un camino equivocado. El país que vamos a construir se hace con diálogo, unidad y trabajo, no con violencia ni huelga de hambre."

8 J. Peñailillo, M. Donoso and F. Palomera. “Gobierno retira querellas y mayoría de mapuches depone huelga tras 82 días.” La Tercera. 2 Oct. 2010. http://diario.latercera.com/2010/10/02/01/contenido/pais/31-40232-9-gobierno-retira-querellas-y-mayoria--de-mapuches-depone-huelga-tras-82-dias.shtml.

9 Note: This number varies from 10 to 14 depending on the source. “Confirman que son 14 los presos políticos mapuches que siguen en huelga de hambre”Azkintuwe, 5 Oct. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_504.htm.

10 “Confirman que son 14 los presos políticos mapuches que siguen en huelga de hambre”Azkintuwe, 5 Oct. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_504.htm. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “Ahí existe una intención, pero no una cuestión concreta. Esa intención una vez depuesta la huelga podría quedar en nada.”

11 “Mapuches logran acuerdo con el gobierno y últimos presos deponen huelga de hambre,” Azkintuwe, 9 Oct. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_801.htm.

12 Rodriguez, Patricia. Assistant Professor of Politics, Ithaca College. E-mail interview. 7 Oct. 2010.

13 Rodriguez.

14 José Bengoa qtd. in Pedro Cayuqueo. “El terrorismo siempre es y ha sido una construcción del Estado.” Azkintuwe, 9 Aug. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/agost092.htm. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “El terrorismo del sur fue repetido sin pensar por los canales de televisión que construyeron de modo irresponsable la imagen de ingobernabilidad. Los Gobiernos de la Concertación, siempre temerosos de lo que les dijera el Diario El Mercurio, asumieron en la práctica que se trataba de terrorismo y aplicaron la famosa y maldita ley. Así la espiral ha seguido.”

15 Richard Miranda V. “Bachelet: ‘La manera de avanzar es el diálogo.” La Nación. 16 Sept. 2010. http://www.lanacion.cl/bachelet-la-manera-de-avanzar-es-el-dialogo-/noticias/2010-09-15/223756.html

16 Mapuches: Frei solidariza con comuneros y Piñera acusa terrorismo.” La Nación. 14 Aug. 2010. http://www.lnd.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20090814/pags/20090814114854.html. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “En la Araucanía se han cometido hechos de terrorismo y el gobierno en vez de aplicar la Ley Antiterrorista, salvo en dos excepciones, hace la vista gorda y cuando el gobierno esconde la cabeza, la gente piensa que puede seguir actuando con impunidad.”

17 “Plan Araucanía.” Gobierno de Chile. Nov. 2009. http://www.planaraucania.cl/index2.php?id_portal=1&id_seccion=1483&id_contenido=1876.
7 Estrada, Daniela. “Society's Incomprehension Fuels Mapuche Hunger Strike.” IPS. 29 Sept. 2010. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53007.

19 Rodriguez.

20 “Voceros mapuches valoran resultados de cita con máxima autoridad judicial chilena.” Azkintuwe. 7 Oct. 2010, http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_609.htm. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Originla: “Esta no es una huelga solo por beneficios carcelarios, busca poner en la agenda del gobierno el tema de nuestros derechos territoriales."

Mexico’s New War: Sex Trafficking

1 http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/09/16/human.trafficking.claudia/?hpt=C1

2 Ugarte, Marisa B., Laura Zarate, and Melissa Farley. "Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Children from Mexico to the United States." Journal of Trauma Practice 2.3/4 (2003): 147-165. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2010.

3 Ugarte, Marisa B., Laura Zarate, and Melissa Farley. "Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Children from Mexico to the United States." Journal of Trauma Practice 2.3/4 (2003): 147-165. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2010.

4 https://commons.kennesaw.edu/buhos/sites/commons.kennesaw.edu.buhos/files/The%20Girls%20Next%20Door%20-%20The%20New%20York%20Times.pdf

5 Ugarte, Marisa B., Laura Zarate, and Melissa Farley. "Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Children from Mexico to the United States." Journal of Trauma Practice 2.3/4 (2003): 147-165. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2010.

6 http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/09/16/human.trafficking.claudia/?hpt=C1

7 http://humantrafficking.change.org/blog/view/arizonas_new_immigration_law_means_imprisoning_trafficking_victims

8 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm

9 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm

10 http://humantrafficking.change.org/blog/view/mexican_drug_cartels_switch_to_selling_humans

Sunrise Over South America: The Changing Face of Socialism in the 21st Century

i Weisbrot, Mark, Rebecca Ray, and Luis Sandoval. “The Chávez Administration at 10 Years: The Economy and Social Indicators”. Center for Economic and Policy Research, February, 2009.

ii Skidmore, Thomas, Peter Smith, and James Green. “Modern Latin America”. Seventh Edition. Oxford University Press, 2010. Page 240.

iii Cardenas, Mauricio, Eduardo Levy-Yeyati, with Camila Henao. “Brookings Latin America Economic Perspectives”. Latin America Initiative at Brookings. September 2010.

iv Weisbrot, Mark. “Venezuela: This was about the taking part”. Guardian Unlimited, at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/sep/27/venezuela-election-opposition-politics , accessed September 29, 2010.

v Skidmore, Thomas, Peter Smith, and James Green. “Modern Latin America”. Seventh Edition. Oxford University Press, 2010. Page 102.

vi Burbach, Roger. “Et Tu, Daniel? The Sandinista Revolution Betrayed”. NACLA Report on the Americas. March/April 2009. Page 36.

vii Burbach, Roger. “Et Tu, Daniel? The Sandinista Revolution Betrayed”. NACLA Report on the Americas. March/April 2009. Material from entire article cited throughout paragraph.

viii Ibid.

ix http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

x http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN21455798, accessed October 4, 2010

xi Skidmore, Thomas, Peter Smith, and James Green. “Modern Latin America”. Seventh Edition. Oxford University Press, 2010. Pages 177-178.

xii Ibid, Pages 181-182.

xiii Trujillo, Amparo. “EVO MORALES”. Americas, Jul/Aug 2007, Vol. 59 Issue 4. Page 17-18.

xiv Webber, Jeffery. “Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia. Part II: Revolutionary Epoch, Combined Liberation and the December 2005 Elections”. Historical Materialism 16, 2008.

xv http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG as of September 22, 2010.

xvi Revolution! Please give generously. Economist, 4/25/2009, Vol. 390, Issue 8628.

xvii Correa’s curriculum. Economist, 8/22/2009, Vol. 392, Issue 8645.

xviii Conaghan, Catherine M. “Ecuador: Correa’s Plebiscitary Presidency”. Journal of Democracy. April 2008, Vol. 19, Issue 2, pages 55-56, cited throughout paragraph
xix Ibid.

xx Ameringer, Charles. “The Cuban Revolution”. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida, 2009. Page 152.

xxi Ibid, Page 206.

xxii http://www.alianzabolivariana.org

xxiii Dominguez, Francisco. “ALBA: Latin America’s anti-imperialist economic project”. August 10th, 2006. Accessed at http://21stcenturysocialism.com/article/alba_latin_americas_anti-imperialist_economic_project_01110.html on September 27, 2010.

xxiv Hornbeck, J.F. “U.S.-Latin America Trade: Recent Trends and Policy Issues”. Congressional Research Service, June 25th, 2010. Page 6.

xxv Dominguez, Francisco. “ALBA: Latin America’s anti-imperialist economic project”. August 10th, 2006. Accessed at http://21stcenturysocialism.com/article/alba_latin_americas_anti-imperialist_economic_project_01110.html on September 27, 2010.

xxvi http://www.abn.info.ve/node/19213, accessed on September 27, 2010.

xxvii http://economia.terra.com.co/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=201009250140_EFE_15434648 accessed on September 27, 2010.

All Eyes on Brazil

1 http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/43548/
2 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1430677720090818

i http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6900JW20101001
ii http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704791004575520171395595534.html

A Democratic Dictator? Unhelpful Caricatures and Venezuelan Democracy

i - The Guardian. ‘Are you a Chavista?’ September 27th, 2010. ‘http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/poll/2010/sep/27/venezuela-hugo-chavez

ii - Wall Street Journal. ‘Venezuelans Cast Parliamentary Votes’ September 27th, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704760704575515722977805594.html?mod=WSJ_World_LEFTSecondNews

Venezuela's Parliamentary Elections: Everybody Wins

i- http://www.oas.org/OASpage/press_releases/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-353/10

ii- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4487686.stm

iii- http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/world/101497344.html

iv- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11423927

v- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4496586.stm

vi- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11416238 and http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4496586.stm

vii- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11423927

viii- For example, see http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/23/chavezs-fraud-game/

ix- http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/09/21/1836039/election-observers-coming-to-venezuela.html

x- http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5600

xi- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b40e945e-c9c2-11df-b3d6-00144feab49a.html and http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/democracy/venezuela_2006_eng.pdf

xii- http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/09/02/eco_ava_cne:-oposicion-tiene_02A4420731.shtml

xiii- http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5627 and http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/27/world/main6903849.shtml

xiv- http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/capriles/cadena-global/detalle.aspx?idart=3355726&idcat=56657&tipo=2

xv- http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/27/world/main6903849.shtml

Venezuela’s Communes: Not as Radical as You Might Think

1 Kennis, Andrew “The Quiet Revolution: Venezuelans Experiment wth Participatory Democracy,” Venezuelanalysis.com, 2010, http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/5558.

2 “Venezuela's politics: Commune-ism,” The Economist, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/16595071.

3 Giusti, Roberto “Ley de Comunas amenaza la democracia,” La Prensa (Managua, July 5, 2010), sec. Internacionales:12A, http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/07/05/internacionales/30342.

4Lerner, Josh “Communal Councils in Venezuela: Can 200 Families Revolutionize Democracy?,” Venezuelanalysis.com, 2007, venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/2257.

5 For example, see "“Consejos comunales de Monagas reciben recursos para desarrollar hábitat,” Agencia Venezolana de Noticias, 2010, http://www.avn.info.ve/node/9159, “ONA y consejos comunales impulsan lucha contra la drogas con más deporte,” Agencia Venezolana de Noticias, 2010, http://www.avn.info.ve/node/12458, and Trujillo: Mas de BS.F 40 milliones fueron destinados a proyectos de vivienda,” Radio Nacional de Venezuela, 2010, http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=19&t=135162.

6 López, Jaime “Venezuela aprueba la primera ley sobre comunas y busca legalizar el trueque,” El Mundo, 2010, http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/06/23/venezuela/1277310400.html. and Kennis 2010. The former article cites 11,761 councils. The later cites 30,179 (with 500 more moving through the registration process).
7 Kennis 2010

8 López 2010.

9 For example, see “PCV niega que con nuevas leyes se implante comunismo,” El Tiempo, 2010, http://www.eltiempo.com.ve/noticias/default.asp?id=340144.

10 López 2010.

11 “Venezuela's politics: Commune-ism,” The Economist, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/16595071.

12 Baicocchi 2003, Dennisi Rodgers,, Subverting the Spaces of Invitation? Local Politics and Participatory Budgeting in Post-Crisis in Buenos Aires (London: Crisis States Research Center, 2005), and Yves Cabannes, “Participatory budgeting: a significant contribution to participatory democracy,” Environment and Urbanization 16, no. 27 (2004): 27-46. See Cabannes 2004 for a full list of the Latin American cities in which participatory budgeting programs have been tried, and details on each program.

13 Forero, Juan “Venezuela Lets Councils Bloom,” The Washington Post, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/16/AR2007051602547.html and Pearson, Tamara, “Venezuela’s Reformed Communal Council Law: When Laws Aren’t Just for Lawyers and Power Is Public,” Venezuelanalysis.com, 2009, http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4980.

14 Pascal Fletcher, “Chavez communes stoke Venezuela democracy debate,” Reuters, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66E7E420100715.

15 Ibid. and Pascal Fletcher, “Chavez communes stoke Venezuela democracy debate,” Reuters, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66E7E420100715.

16 López 2010

17 Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, “Participation, Activism, and Politics: The Porto Alegre Experiment,” in Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Particpatory Governance, ed. Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright, The Real Utopias Project (New York: Verso, 2003), 45-76.

18 Baiocchi 2003.

19 Baiocchi 2003.

20 A number of other studies have supported the conclusion that the Brazilian paticipatory budger process has been overwhelmingly positive for its community. For example, see Leonora angeles, “Democratizing Regional Govenrance: Constraints and Opportunities for Brazilian and Other Metropolitan Regions in Latin America” (presented at the Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Rio De Janeiro, June 11, 2009), Benjamin Goldfrank “Lessons from Latin American Experience in Particpatory Budgeting” (presented at the Latin American Studies Association Meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 2006), Frank Fischer, Participatory Governance, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation and Governance (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Forum on Regulation and Governance, 2010), and Participatory Governance and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Economic and Social Affairs (New York: United Nations, 2008).

21 Baicocchi 2003, Dennis Rodgers, Subverting the Spaces of Invitation? Local Politics and Participatory Budgeting in Post-Crisis in Buenos Aires (London: Crisis States Research Center, 2005), and Yves Cabannes, “Participatory budgeting: a significant contribution to participatory democracy,” Environment and Urbanization 16, no. 27 (2004): 27-46. See Cabannes 2004 for a full list of the Latin American cities in which particpatory budgeting programs have been tried, and details on each program.

22 Goldfrank 2006.
23 Fischer 2010.

Consequences of the State’s Negligence to Lower Gas Export Prices

SOURCES:
http://www.economist.com/node/16281343?story_id=16281343&fsrc=rss

http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2322651820100624

http://www.larepublica.pe/economia/23/08/2010/gas-seguira-siendo-mas-caro-para-peruanos
http://e.larepublica.pe/image/2010/agosto/23/eco01.jpg

http://viewswire.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=ib3Article&pubtypeid=1142462499&article_id=1257319110&fs=true&rf=0

http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=51443

http://www.amazonwatch.org/amazon/PE/camisea/

________________________________________________

NOTES

In January 2006, Hunt Oil broke ground on a $1 billion plant to liquefy natural gas for export to planned markets in mainland Mexico and Western United States.

The government doent seem to be pursuing any changes to these contracts so that the price of (natural) gas bought for exports is not too different from the price of the gas bought for domestic (clients)," García told reporters. He said that Peru would seek to reach an agreement with natural gas companies because he does not want investors to take Peru to court for breach of contract.

Para mas informacion puedes revisar: los articulos de Humberto campodonico, en el diario la republica, alli estan sus articulos sobre el tema en los ultimos 3 meses han sido varios. Su columna se llama cristal de mira. Tambien esta el ing. carlos herrera descalzi, del colegio de ingenieros del peru. En la web de Propuesta ciudadana hay un documento llamado "gas de camisea" entre la exportacion y el mercado interno que tiene informacion que puede ser util.

Producto de las protestas en la provincia de La Convencion en el cusco, el gobierno ha sacado otro decreto supremo estableciendo que el gas del lote 88 quedara exclusivamente para el mercado interno, ya no se exportara. Ahora falta que el gobierno negocio esto con el consorcio camisea.

En tu opinion experta, se lograra que suban los precios del gas natural exportado del lote 88, o parece ser improbable dada la poca voluntad politica?
En relacion al precio de exportacion. El cuestionamiento vino porque actualmente el precio Henry Hub del gas al que se empezo a exportar esta bajo (alrededor de 4 dolares), lo que descontando los costos de transporte y otros dan un precio en boca de pozo de 0.54 +- dolares por millon de BTU (y la regalia resultante para el estado 0.14 centavos), cuando el mercado interno esta pagando mas (entre 1 y 2.5 dolares). Por eso hace poco ante los reclamos del sur del pais el gobierno emitio un decreto supremo estableciendo que la regalia que paga la exportacion no sera en promedio menor que la que paga el mercado interno. En boca de pozo quiere decir, en el lugar donde se extrae el gas del subsuelo.

[3] Maybe the price paid by foreign importers is in fact not equal to the world price, but rather some kind of negotiated price that gives the foreign buyers a very sweet deal. This could give you the gap you describe regardless of the royalty rate. What is happening is that domestic firms selling a bunch of exports to favored buyers -- who happen to be foreign -- at a loss. You would want to know why that sweet deal is in place: is it permanent, was it a condition of attracting foreign investment, etc.


The urgency of this matter has even made it a prominent issue in the upcoming Peruvian presidential elections of 2001. With the exploitation of natural resources likely to be a central issue in the presidential election, Mr Humala's radical position (he has promised to turn Block 88 of the Camisea field, which is currently destined for exports, over to supply the domestic market) may prove attractive in some parts of the country. Against this backdrop, the current government and the Camisea Consortium may look to speed up a new agreement and avoid further confrontation.

To avoid the loss of the 3,750$, the Peruvian government would have to enforce a reduction in domestic taxes on natural gas, or regulate or constrain the ability of natural gas producers to charge higher prices to Peruvians than to foreign importers.

know you don't have time for it at the moment, but Paul Collier's recent book The Plundered Planet would be a good source. I think he argues there that many countries charge too low a royalty rate, in effect giving away their natural resources too cheaply.

--High domestic prices discourage the consumption of natural gas and its use in production, and encourage the substitution of other forms of energy. Environmental impacts depend on comparing natural gas with other energy sources.

Further adverse fiscal impacts could come from a higher cost of borrowing in international markets, because of lower creditworthiness associated with the weaker revenue base.

Suriname Elects the Country’s Most Controversial Political Figure as President

i “Collaboration between Anton de Kom university and VU University of Amsterdam,” January 2009. http://www.cis.vu.nl/en/our-expertise/education-and-development/current-projects/surinam-project/index.asp. (9 August 2010).

ii Badawy Manuela, “Investors Cool to Suriname Presidential Choice.” Forexyard. 30 July 2010. http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/ANALYSIS-Investors-cool-to-Suriname-presidential-choice-2010-07-29T215347Z. (29 September 2010).

iii Riley, Brendan. “Nicaragua and ALBANISA: The Privatization of Venezuelan Aid.” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 13 August 2010. http://www.coha.org/nicaragua-albanisa-the-privatization-of-venezuelan-aid/. (16 August 2010).

iv “Ex-Suriname Head Faces Murder Trial.” 2 February 2009. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/02/2009220201340400544.html. (2 August 2010).

Hardline Immigration Reform: Misconceptions and National Identity

1 Goodnough, Abby. Surprising Immigration Crackdown Advances. The New York Times, June 10, 2010. Available online: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/11/us/11boston.html
Ibid. Massachusets: Immigration Crackdown is Eased. The New York Times, June 27, 2010. Available online: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/us/25brfs-IMMIGRANTCRA_BRF.html

2 Powell, Benjamin, An Economic Case for Immigration. Library of Economics and Liberty. (2010). Available online: http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2010/Powellimmigration.html

3 Wall, Steven. No Social Security number? Use ITIN to pay federal income taxes. LexisNexis News, April 10, 2010. Available online: http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=27009&docId=l:1160893321&start=6

4 Immigrants and Crime: Are they Connected? Immigration Fact Check. Immigration Policy Center, (2008). Available online: http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/Crime%20Fact%20Check%2012-12-07.pdf

5 Boerman, T, Central American Gangs: An Overview of the Phenomenon in Latin America and the U.S. Journal of Gang Research, 15(1), (2007). Pp. 35-32.

6 Passel, Jeffrey S. The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.: Estimates Based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey. Pew Hispanic Center, (2006). Available online: http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf

7 H-2B Program: Access to seasonal workers to fill temporary positions during peak business periods is critical to the American lodging industry. American Hotel and Lodging Association, (2009). Available online: http://www.ahla.com/issuebrief.aspx?id=19512

8 Price, Michelle. In Arizona, A call to redefine citizen. The Boston Globe, June 16, 2010. Available online: http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/06/16/in_ariz_a_call_to_redefine_citizen/?camp=obinsite
Available online: http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/06/16/in_ariz_a_call_to_redefine_citizen/?camp=obinsite

No Justice for Nicaraguan Banana Workers

1 “US judge overturns Dole Nicaragua banana ruling,” BBC News, July 13, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-10660068.

2 “1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP),” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Technology Transfer Network-Air Toxics Web Site, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/dibromo-.html. The EPA’s web site cites the following for this data: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. 1992.

3 “Nicaragua/bananeros: año sin respuesta,” BBC Mundo, March, 28, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4376000/4376031.stm.

4 “Victims of Nemagon Hit the Road,” Revista Envío, No. 287, June 2005. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2972.

5 Some also claim that DBCP was used in Nicaragua until 1992. It is also worth noting that there are reports of nationalized banana companies using these pesticides.

6 "Chemical Information: 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. April 13, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/DBCP_ChemicalInformation.html

7 "1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP)," Environmental Protection Agency. November 6, 2007. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/dibromo-.html

8 H. Babich, D.L. Davis, and G. Stotzky, "Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): a review", Sci Total Environ. 1981 Mar;17(3):207-21. Abstract available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7015501

9 For more information on DBCP and studies concerning its toxicity, please see the following sources: CDC; EPA; NCBI; Heather Clark and
Suzanne Snedeker, "An Evaluation of Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)", Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York State, July 2004, available at http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/pesticide/fs50.dbcp.cfm

10 “Victims of Nemagon Hit the Road.”

11 Giorgio Trucchi, “Afectados por el Nemagón nuevamente en marcha,” América Latina en Movimiento, June 4, 2007. http://alainet.org/active/17911&lang=es.

12 “Victims of Nemagon Hit the Road.”

13 BBC reports that 468 victims were awarded the compensation. “Nicaragua/bananeros: año sin respuesta.”

14 “Dole se defiende,” BBC Mundo, March 28, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4376000/4376421.stm.

15 Trucchi.

16 “Gobierno ‘de manos atadas,’” BBC Mundo, March 28, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4376000/4376951.stm.

17 “Victims of Nemagon Hit the Road.”

18 Translated from “Gobierno ‘de manos atadas.’” Original text: “…Pero el gobierno no tiene su representación, pues es un problema individual, personal, con la compañía a quien se demanda.”

19 Translated from “Gobierno ‘de manos atadas.’” Original text: “…nuestros brazos no alcanzan a llegar a las fuentes de poder en otros países.”

20 “Banana Workers Get $3.3M In Pesticide Case,” CBS News, November 5, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/05/business/main3454902.shtml.

21 “Oral Ruling,” Mejía v. Dole, et al., April 23, 2009, 5-6, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CBsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dole.com%2Fservedocument.aspx%3Ffp%3Ddocuments%2Fdole%2F04-23-09_Chaney_Oral_Ruling.pdf&ei=tXJhTLuiF4T48AbYjuGwCg&usg=AFQjCNEbqysEAPUGUOaXA_OT36E1s5Hp-g&sig2=8An2VLYDD2O2a6AdwnxwoA.

22 Anthony McCartney, “LA judge in Banana Workers Case Cites Threats,” ABC News, June 7, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=10851148.

23 Marcos Alemán, “Nicaraguan banana workers deny they conspired in fraud to win pesticides case against Dole,” The Washington Examiner, May 14th, 2009. http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/local/ap/nicaraguan-banana-workers-deny-they-conspired-in-fraud-to-win-pesticides-case-against-dole-93824874.html#ixzz0oBjCUsgg.

24 “Gobierno ‘de manos atadas.’”

The Dominican Republic and Haiti After the Earthquake Nervous Ties and Fractious Tensions Persist

1 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/07/16/1734536/six-months-after-the-earthquake.html

2 http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/07/12/president-obama-president-fernandez-meet-trade-drug-trafficking-and-haiti

3 http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2010/7/27/36461/The-US-pledges-to-help-Dominican-Republic-on-aid-for-Haiti

4http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2010/7/30/36492/Officials-says-agenda-for-Haitian-Dominican-leaders-meeting-is-ready

5 UNDP report p. 89 translation

6 UNDP report p. 99 translation

7http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/08/09/haitian_children_turn_to_begging_in_dr_after_quake/

Expanding Alliances in the 21st Century: The U.S. and Brazil Unite to Address Overlapping Matters of National Security

1. “Brazil: Foreign Military Influence,” April 1997, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1795.html (24 May 2010)

2. “The Terrorist Enemy: Defining the Enemy,” http://www.state.gov/s/ct/enemy/index.htm (24 May 2010)

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. “A U.S. base in Rio?” http://www.cipcol.org/?p=1455 (24 May 2010)

7. “U.S.- Brazil Defense Cooperation Agreement,” 12 April 2010, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1795.html (24 May 2010)

8. “Foreign Policy Overview,” http://www.brasilemb.org/foreign-policy/overview (24 May 2010)

9. John G. Ikenberry "Liberal Order Building." To Lead the World. Oxford: Melvyn P. Leffler and Jefferey W. Legro, 2008, p. 94.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid. p. 100.

12. Sara Miller Llana and Andrew Downie, “Why Brazil Signed a Military Agreement with the US,” 13 April 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0413/Why-Brazil-signed-a-military-agreement-with-the-US (24 May 2010)

Inhumane, Ineffective, Intolerable: Prisons of a Rising Power

(1) Branford, Becky, “Brazil’s ‘Medieval’ Prisons,” BBC News, 2 June 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3768145.stm


(2) Brazil Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, First session of the UPR Working Group, 7-11 April 2008, AI Index: AMR 19/023/2007, pp. 4, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/amr19/023/2007/en/5f56cf8e-a2bf-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/amr190232007en.pdf


(3) 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Brazil, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 25 February 2009, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/wha/119150.htm

(4) “One in Five: The crisis in Brazil’s prisons and criminal justice system,” International Bar Association, Human Rights Institute Report, February 2010, pp. 15

(5) Barrionuevo, Alexei, “Rape of Girl, 15, Exposes Abuses in Brazil Prison System,” New York Times, 12 Dec 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/americas/12brazil.html

(6) “Tackling the Chaos in Brazil’s Prisons,” The Economist, 22 Feb 2001, http://www.economist.com/node/511505

(7) Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Mr. Philip Alston, Mission to Brazil, A/HRC/11/2/Add.2 future, 28 August 2008, pp. 26, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/a.hrc.11.2.add.2_en.pdf

(8) Amnesty International Report 2010: The State of the World’s Human Rights, AI Index: POL 10/001/2010, pp. 85, http://thereport.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/air2010_az_en.pdf#page=31

(9) “Tackling the Chaos”

(10) “One in Five,” pp. 7

(11) “One in Five,” pp. 11

(12) “No One Here Sleeps Safely: Human rights violations against detainees,” 23 June 1999, AI Index: AMR 19/09/99, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/amr19/009/1999/en/b659eadf-e1e1-11dd-a03a-6b5b1e49bce3/amr190091999en.pdf

(13) Amnesty International Report 2010, pp. 85

(14) “One in Five,” pp. 12

(15) “One in Five,” pp. 33

(16) “Tackling the Chaos”

(17) “One in Five,” pp. 5

(18) “One in Five,” pp. 7

(19) “One in Five,” pp. 8

(20) See “Not-so-swift justice,” The Economist, 25 Mar 2004, http://www.economist.com/node/2542089

(21) Branford, “Brazil’s ‘Medieval’ Prisons”

(22) “One in Five,” pp. 52

(23) “One in Five,” pp. 17

(24) “In the House of Horror,” The Economist, 9 Nov 2000, http://www.economist.com/node/417839

(25) “One in Five,” pp. 7

Nicaragua & ALBANISA: The Privatization of Venezuelan Aid

1. “The Sea, the Ship, and the Uncertain Course,” Revista Envío, May 2008, Number 322. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/3775

2. “Comptroller’s Office to Audit ALBANISA,” NicaNet, February 9, 2010. http://www.nicanet.org/?p=915

3. Tim Rogers, “Gov’t: Power Blackouts to End Dec. 1,” Nica Times, November 9-15, 2007. http://www.nicatimes.net/nicaarchive/110907.htm

4. Luis Galeano and José Adán Silva, “Apartan a Chico López,” El Nuevo Diario, December 27, 2009. http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/64891

5. “Reported embezzlement at ALBA in Nicaragua,” El Universal, December 29, 2009. http://english.eluniversal.com/2009/12/29/en_eco_art_reported-embezzlemen_29A3239051.shtml

6. Figure calculated using exchange rate from January 2009 (http://www.exchange-rates.org/history/NIO/USD/T). The córdoba has hovered around an exchange rate of 20:1 U.S. for the past couple years, but it continues to lose its value.

7. Translation of statement by Rafael Paniagua, quoted in: “Alemán rechaza palabras de representante del ALBA,” El Nuevo Herald, February 1, 2010. http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2010/02/01/643153/aleman-rechaza-palabras-de-representante.html#storylink=rss

8. Translated from quotes in: “Arce: “está loco” el ejecutivo del ALBA,” Radio La Primerísima, February 2, 2010. http://www.rlp.com.ni/noticias/69828

9. “Nicaragua News Bulletin: 6. Channel 8 purchased by Sandinista group,” NicaNet, January 26, 2010. http://www.nicanet.org/?p=906

10. Ibid.

11. Luis Galeano, “Albanisa es un pulpo,” El Nuevo Diario, September 28, 2009. http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/58180

12. “CGR auditará ALBA, NISA,” Radio La Primerísima, February 4, 2010. http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/noticias/general/70020

13. “Nicaragua: Alba cooperation under the spotlight,” Latin American Regional Report: Caribbean & Central America, February 2010, RC-10-02.

14. Victor Hugo Tinoco, “Corruption is the Most Serious Aspect of the Ortega-Chávez Relationship,” Revista Envío, September 2009, Number 338. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4061

15. “Nicaragua: Alba cooperation under the spotlight.”

16. Galeano.

17. “Nicaragua: Alba cooperation deepens,” Latin American Weekly Report, November 19, 2009, WR-09-46.

18. “What Surprises Will the End of this Third Year Bring?”Revista Envío, October 2009, Number 339. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/4075

19. “Venezuelan aid for Nicaragua,” LatinNews Daily, June 15, 2009.

20. “Selection indicators,” The Millenium Challenge Corporation. http://www.mcc.gov/mcc/selection/indicators/index.shtml

21. “Nicaragua: IMF visit inconclusive,” Latin American Weekly Report, March 13, 2008, WR-08-10.

22. “Nicaragua: Questions surround funding for fuel subsidies,” Latin American Weekly Report, March 22, 2008, WR-08-20.

23. Hugo Tinoco.

24. “Nicaragua: ‘Alba’ bonuses stall talks with IMF,” Latin American Weekly Report, May 13, 2010, WR-10-19.

25. Translated from the following: “Si Albanisa fuese una empresa transnacional, ustedes creen que va a facilitar para mejorar el salario de los trabajadores, ¿cuándo?” cited from “Ortega reta a transnacionales repartir riqueza como Albanisa,” Radio la Primerísima, May 8, 2010. http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/noticias/general/76131