China: In Search of Energy Security, Chávez Lays Out the Welcome Mat

[1] “Fueling the Dragon: China’s Race into the Oil Market,” Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, accessed September 8, 2011, http://www.iags.org/china.htm.

[2] “Venezuela Country Analysis,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed September 4, 2011, http://www.eia.gov/cabs/venezuela/Full.html.

[3] “Venezuela’s Economy: Oil Leak,” The Economist, accessed September 8, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/18233412.; “Venezuela Facts and Figures,” Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, accessed September 8, 2011, http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/171.htm.

[4] Chen, Matthew E. and Amy Myers Jaffe. “Energy Security: Meeting the Growing Challenge of National Oil Companies,” Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations (2007): accessed September 9, 2011, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/02-ChenJaffe-WhiteheadJournal.pdf.

[5] “Fueling Concern: The Role of Oil in Venezuela,” Harvard International Review, accessed September 14, 2011, http://hir.harvard.edu/energy/fueling-concern.

[6] “Venezuela's PDVSA Debt Jumps 42 pct in 2009,” Reuters, accessed September 14, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/23/pdvsa-debt-idUSN2313175620100123.

[7] “Venezuela,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessed September 4, 2011, http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=VE.

[8] “Chávez Threatens to Cut Off Oil to U.S.,” CNN, http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-25/world/venezuela.chavez.us_1_farc-venezuela-and-colombia-revolutionary-armed-forces?_s=PM:WORLD.

[9] “China Lends Venezuela $20b, Secures Oil Supply,” China Daily, accessed September 14, 2011, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-04/19/content_9748799.htm.

[10] “Ampliado Fondo China-Venezuela a 12 mil millones de dólares,”  Radio Nacional de Venezuela, accessed September 14, 2011, http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=4&t=91004.; “Chávez Says China to Lend Venezuela $20 Billion,” New York Times, accessed September 10, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/19/world/americas/19venez.html.

[11] “Venezuela,” U.S. Energy Information Administration.

[12] “In Search of Crude China Goes to the Americas,” Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, accessed September 8, 2011, http://www.iags.org/n0118041.htm.

[13] China, Latin America, and the United States: The New Triangle. Eds. Cynthia J. Arnson and Jeffrey Davidow, (Latin American Program, 2011), 18.

[14] “Fueling the Dragon: China’s Race into the Oil Market,” Institute for the Analysis of Global Security.

[15] “Cisneros Says U.S. ‘Forgot’ About Latin America as China Boosts Investment,” Bloomberg, accessed September 15, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-15/china-will-need-partnerships-in-latin-america-to-build-ties-cisneros-says.html.

[16] Narváez, Benjamin N. “Reinvigorating Old Ties,” Portal 4 (2008-9): 18.

[17] “China Spells Out Strategy for Latin American Trade and Ties,” United Press International, accessed September 14, 2011, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/04/09/China-spells-out-strategy-for-Latin-American-trade-and-ties/UPI-64201270823611/.

[18] Peng, Yuan and Chas W. Freeman, Jr. “China’s Rise in the International Economic System.” Panel Discussion, Latin America and China: What Do They Mean for Each Other? from Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, September 19, 2011.

[19] Ibid.

[20] “U.S. Concerned Over Venezuela-Russia Arms Deal,” Reuters, accessed September 16, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/15/us-usa-venezuela-arms-idUSTRE58E0TY20090915.; “France: Economic Relations,” France Diplomatie, accessed September 16, 2011, http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/brazil_444/france-and-brazil_2515/economic-relations_7047/index.html.; “India, Brazil Seek to Build Strategic Relationship,” Reuters, accessed September 16, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/04/idUSSP307765.

[21] “Free Trade Agreements,” Office of the US Trade Representative, http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements.

[22] Peng, Yuan and Chas W. Freeman, Jr. “China’s Rise in the International Economic System.”

[23] China, Latin America, and the United States: The New Triangle, 15.

[24] From Ideology to Pragmatism; China, Latin America, and the United States: The New Triangle, 15.; Note: China does not consider Taiwan and Tibet to be separate states. Therefore, its support for state solidarity does not extend to these two regions.

[25] Cohen, Jerome Alan. “China and Intervention: Theory and Practice,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 121 (1973): 490.

[26] Peng, Yuan and Chas W. Freeman, Jr. “China’s Rise in the International Economic System.”

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Cuba's Domestic Reforms Surge Past Immobilized U.S.

[1] “Cuba approves economic reform plan,” Al Jazeera, accessed August 12, 2011, http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2011/08/20118243132157532.html.

[2] Ibid.

[3] “Cuban National Assembly approves economic reforms,” BBC, accessed August 12, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14368316.

[4]“Discursopronunciadopor el Primer Secretario del Comité Central del Partido, Raúl Castro Ruz, en la clausura del VI Congreso del PartidoComunista de Cuba, en el Palacio de Convenciones, el 19 de abril de 2011, ‘Año 53 de la Revolución’” Cuban Government Press Release, http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/rauldiscursos/2011/esp/r190411e.html.

[5] “Castro tells Parliament he’s working to ease migration regulations,” Miami Herald, accessed August 12, 2011, http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/01/2340998/castro-tells-parliament-hes-working.html.

[6]Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996. Sec. 205

[7] “Cuban Natives or Citizens Seeking Lawful Permanent Residence Status,” American Immigration Law Center, accessed August 12, 2011, http://www.ailc.com/services/residency/caa.htm.

[8]“Cuban Adjustment Act and Immigration Policies,” Cuba Socialista, accessssed August 12, 2011, http://www.cubasocialista.com/adjust1.htm.

[9]Anya Landau French, “Raul Castro’s Speech to Cuban National Assembly: A Must-Read,” The Havana Note, accessed August 12, 2011, http://www.thehavananote.com/2011/08/raul_castros_speech_cuban_national_assembly_must_read.

[10]Feinberg, Richard. “Cuba's New Emerging Market Strategy: Has the United States Made Itself Irrelevant?” Discussion, Latin America Initiative at Brookings and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Latin American Program, Woodrow Wilson Center, August 4, 2011.

[11]Cuba Standard. “Sherritt profits rise despite flat nickel sales.” April 27, 2011. http://www.cubastandard.com/2011/04/27/sherritt-profits-rise-despite-flat-nickel-sales/.

[12]“Oil and Gas - Cuba.”Sherritt. Last modified 2010. http://www.sherritt.com/subsection156a.html?submenuid=operations&category=operations/oil_and_gas_cuba.

[13]“Metals - Moa Joint Venture.”Sherritt. Last modified 2010. http://www.sherritt.com/subsection6a2f.html?submenuid=operations&category=operations/metals_moa.

[14]Hanson, Stephanie. “U.S.-Cuba Relations.” Council on Foreign Relations. Last modified January 11, 2010. http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113.

[15] Feinberg. “Cuba’s New Emerging Market Strategy.”

[16] Ibid.

[17]Tamayo, Juan O. “Cuba prepares for parliamentary session on economic reforms.” Miami Herald, July 30, 2011. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/07/30/2337231/cuba-prepares-for-parliamentary.html.

[18]Castro, Raúl. “Breaking the Psychological Barrier.” Speech, VI Communist Party Congress, August 1, 2011. Havana Times. http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=47900. 

[19]Griswold, Daniel. “Four Decades of Failure: The U.S. Embargo against Cuba.” Cato Institute. Last modified October 12, 2005. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10921.

[20]Anonymous. Discussion, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, June 14, 2011.

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The Mottled Relationship: Iran and Latin America - A Brief Overview

[i] BBC Monitoring Middle East – Political Supplied by BBC Worldwide Monitoring  July 22, 2011 Friday
Iran regrets "false" accusations over 1994 Argentina-Israeli building blast

[ii] BBC Monitoring Middle East – Political Supplied by BBC Worldwide Monitoring  July 22, 2011 Friday
Iran regrets "false" accusations over 1994 Argentina-Israeli building blast

[iii] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13612569

[iv] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/bolivia/8550445/Iran-defence-minister-forced-to-leave-Bolivia-over-1994-Argentina-bombing.html

[v] “Brazil is Iran’s Most Important Trading Partner, Followed by Argentina.” Santiago Times, December 7, 2009 http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17784:iran-triples-latin-american-trade-to-us29-billion&catid=48:other&Itemid=122

[vi]  “Iran Approves $280 Million Loans For Bolivia,” Associated Press, July 29, 2009

[vii] Brazil is Iran’s Most Important Trading Partner, Followed by Argentina,” Santiago Times, December 7, 2009 http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17784:iran-triples-latin-american-trade-to-us29-billion&catid=48:other&Itemid=122

[viii] “Iran, Brazil discuss expansion ties.” Press TV. August 10, 2011. Available <http://www.presstv.ir/detail/193221.html >

[ix] http://www.ettelaat.com/index2.asp?code=endisplay&fname=/ettelaat/etbupload/data/2011/08/08-10/40.htm&title=Iran,%20Brazil%20discuss%20expansion%20of%20ties

[x] “Venezuela’s Chavez Backs Iran In Nuclear Dispute, Warns Against U.S. Attack,” International Herald Tribune, April 15, 2007; Iran’s President to Visit Bolivia, Venezuela,” VOA News, September 24, 2007

[xi] http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-iran-usa-sanctions-idUSTRE74N47R20110524
 

[xii]  http://www.latindailyfinancialnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&
id=10620%3Airanas-failed-latin-america-outreach&catid=225%3Aopinion&Itemid=720&lang=en

[xiii] “Iran confirma mediacion del Presidente Chavez para liberacion de dos estadounidenses.”
Noticias24.com.  September 22, 2011 Available < http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/325309/iran-confirma-mediacion-de-presidente-chavez-para-liberacion-de-dos-estadounidenses/ >

[xiv] Cooler, Walter. “PICKET: Freed American hikers thank Hugo Chavez, Noam Chomsky, Cindy Sheehan; raise suspicion about purpose of trip.” Washington Times. Blog. September 25, 2011. Available < http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2011/sep/25/picket-freed-american-hikers-thank-hugo-chavez-noa/ >

[xv] O’Connor, Anne-Marie & Sheridan, Mary Beth. “Iran’s rumored Nicaraguan ‘Mega Embassy’ sets off alarms in the U.S.” Washington Post. World. July 13, 2009. Available < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/12/AR2009071202337.html >

[xvi] BBC Monitoring Middle East – Political Supplied by BBC Worldwide Monitoring June 19, 2011 Sunday. Iran's Latin America ties "sounded alarm bell" for US, Israel - analyst

[xvii] BBC Monitoring Middle East – Political Supplied by BBC Worldwide Monitoring June 19, 2011 Sunday. Iran's Latin America ties "sounded alarm bell" for US, Israel - analyst

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An Economy Blinded by the Sun

[1] Jordan, Tony, and Shane Butler. “The globalization of addiction: A study in the poverty of spirit”. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy; August 2011 Vol. 18 Issue 4, p270-275

[2] CARICOM. "Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat." Last modified September 19, 2011. http://www.caricom.org/

[3] Wilkinson, Bert. “Caribbean to lose EU’s ‘Everything-But-Arms’ deal. Third World Network. Accessed 22 July 11. http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/arms.htm

[4] Ramsaran, Ramesh and Roger Hosein “CARICOM: Some salient factors effecting and competiveness”. Institute of International Relations: West Indies. Accessed 18 July 2011. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7df37879-30b4-4c22-bf0d

[5] Wilkinson, Bert. “Caribbean to lose EU’s ‘Everything-But-Arms’ deal. Third World Network. Accessed 22 July 11. http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/arms.htm

[6] Economic Integration and Caribbean Identity: Convergences and Divergences. Caribbean Studies. Vol. 36 1: 53-74

[7] Ramasaran, Ramesh and Roger Hosein. “CARICOM: Some Salient Factors Affecting Trade and Competitiveness”. University of the West Indies. Accessed 24 June 2011. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7df37879-30bsionmgr111&vid=8&hid=119

[8] King Dana, Danielle LeBlanc and Carlton R. Van Lowe “The Impact of Tourism in the Caribbean”. TransAfrica Forum. Accessed 31 July 2001. http://fama2.us.es:8080/turismo/turismonet1/economia%20del%20turismo/turismo%20zonal/centro%20america/impact%20of%20tourism%20in%20Caribbe.pdf

[9]  Economy of Jamaica. U.S. Library of Congress. Accessed 28 July 2011. http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/27.htm

[10] J.F. Hornbeck. "CARICOM: Challenges and Opportunities for Caribbean Economic Integration." CRS Report for Congress. Accessed August 2, 2011.

[11] J.F. Hornbeck. "CARICOM: Challenges and Opportunities for Caribbean Economic Integration." CRS Report for Congress. Accessed August 2, 2011.

[12] Wenner, Mark. “Microfinance Issues and Challenges in the Anglophone Caribbean”

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Pumping Petroleum from Hardisty to Houston

[1] Jeffrey Brown, Bill McKibben, Robert Bryce, “Tar Sands Pipeline Plan Renews Energy vs. Environment Debate,” PBS, 8/29/11, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/july-dec11/oilpipeline_08-29.html.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Juliet Eilperin, “Plan for Canada-to-Texas Oil Pipeline Moves Forward,” The Washington Post, 8/26/11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/plan-for-canada-to-texas-oil-pipeline-moves-forward-after-environmental-review/2011/08/26/gIQA3iaJgJ_story.html.

[4] “Keystone Pipeline Project,” TransCanada, 9/2/11, http://transcanada.com/keystone.html.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Bill Mann, “Alberta-Texas Pipeline Looking Like a Sure Thing,” MarketWatch, 8/30/11, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/alberta-texas-pipeline-looking-like-a-sure-thing2011-08-30.

[8] “Muck and Brass: Rising Oil Prices and Falling Production Costs Favor the Extraction of Oil From Alberta’s Tar Sands. But Environmental Objections are Fierce.” The Economist,1/20/11, http://www.economist.com/node/17959688.

[9] Jeffrey Brown, Bill McKibben, Robert Bryce, “Tar Sands Pipeline Plan Renews Energy vs. Environment Debate,” PBS, 8/29/11, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/july-dec11/oilpipeline_08-29.html.

[10] Bill Mann, “Alberta-Texas Pipeline Looking Like a Sure Thing,” MarketWatch, 8/30/11, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/alberta-texas-pipeline-looking-like-a-sure-thing2011-08-30..

[11] Tom Zeller Jr., “Keystone Pipeline Approval Likely, Says Former State Department Official,” The Huffington Post, 8/29/11, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/keystone-xl-pipeline-state-department_n_940422.html?ref=mostpopular.

[12] “Opposition to Keystone XL Pipeline Heats Up,” The Sierra Club Compass, 8/26/2011, http://sierraclub.typepad.com/compass/2011/08/opposition-to-keystone-xl-pipeline-heats-up.html.

[13] Jeffrey Brown, Bill McKibben, Robert Bryce, “Tar Sands Pipeline Plan Renews Energy vs. Environment Debate,” PBS, 8/29/11, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/july-dec11/oilpipeline_08-29.html.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Bill Mann, “Alberta-Texas Pipeline Looking Like a Sure Thing,” MarketWatch, 8/30/11, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/alberta-texas-pipeline-looking-like-a-sure-thing-2011-08-30.

[16] Bill Mann, “Alberta-Texas Pipeline Looking Like a Sure Thing,” MarketWatch, 8/30/11, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/alberta-texas-pipeline-looking-like-a-sure-thing2011-08-30.

[17] Tom Zeller Jr., “Keystone Pipeline Approval Likely, Says Former State Department Official,” The Huffington Post, 8/29/11, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/keystone-xl-pipeline-state-department_n_940422.html?ref=mostpopular.

[18] Juliet Eilperin, “Plan for Canada-to-Texas Oil Pipeline Moves Forward,” The Washington Post, 8/26/11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/plan-for-canada-to-texas-oil-pipeline-moves-forward-after-environmental-review/2011/08/26/gIQA3iaJgJ_story.html.

[19] Jeffrey Brown, Bill McKibben, Robert Bryce, “Tar Sands Pipeline Plan Renews Energy vs. Environment Debate,” PBS, 8/29/11, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/july-dec11/oilpipeline_08-29.html.

[20] Ibid.

[21] “Keystone Pipeline Project,” TransCanada, 9/2/11, http://transcanada.com/keystone.html.

[22] Tom Zeller Jr., “Keystone Pipeline Approval Likely, Says Former State Department Official,” The Huffington Post, 8/29/11, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/keystone-xl-pipeline-state-department_n_940422.html?ref=mostpopular.

[23] JoAnne Allen, “US Review to Find Canada Pipeline Impact ‘Limited,’” Reuters, 8/24/11, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/25/usa-pipeline-keystone-idUSN1E77N26M20110825.

[24] “Muck and Brass: Rising Oil Prices and Falling Production Costs Favor the Extraction of Oil From Alberta’s Tar Sands. But Environmental Objections are Fierce.” The Economist,1/20/11, http://www.economist.com/node/17959688.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Ibid.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Bill Mann, “Alberta-Texas Pipeline Looking Like a Sure Thing,” MarketWatch, 8/30/11, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/alberta-texas-pipeline-looking-like-a-sure-thing2011-08-30.

[29] Jeffrey Brown, Bill McKibben, Robert Bryce, “Tar Sands Pipeline Plan Renews Energy vs. Environment Debate,” PBS, 8/29/11, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/july-dec11/oilpipeline_08-29.html.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Ibid

[32] Tom Zeller Jr., “Keystone Pipeline Approval Likely, Says Former State Department Official,” The Huffington Post, 8/29/11, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/keystone-xl-pipeline-state-department_n_940422.html?ref=mostpopular.

[33] Juliet Eilperin, “Plan for Canada-to-Texas Oil Pipeline Moves Forward,” The Washington Post, 8/26/11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/plan-for-canada-to-texas-oil-pipeline-moves-forward-after-environmental-review/2011/08/26/gIQA3iaJgJ_story.html.

[34] “Muck and Brass: Rising Oil Prices and Falling Production Costs Favor the Extraction of Oil From Alberta’s Tar Sands. But Environmental Objections are Fierce.” The Economist,1/20/11, http://www.economist.com/node/17959688.

[35] Bill Mann, “Alberta-Texas Pipeline Looking Like a Sure Thing,” MarketWatch, 8/30/11, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/alberta-texas-pipeline-looking-like-a-sure-thing2011-08-30.

[36] “Muck and Brass: Rising Oil Prices and Falling Production Costs Favor the Extraction of Oil From Alberta’s Tar Sands. But Environmental Objections are Fierce.” The Economist,1/20/11, http://www.economist.com/node/17959688.

[37] Bill Mann, “Alberta-Texas Pipeline Looking Like a Sure Thing,” MarketWatch, 8/30/11, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/alberta-texas-pipeline-looking-like-a-sure-thing2011-08-30.

[38] “Muck and Brass: Rising Oil Prices and Falling Production Costs Favor the Extraction of Oil From Alberta’s Tar Sands. But Environmental Objections are Fierce.” The Economist,1/20/11, http://www.economist.com/node/17959688.

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Latin America and the Zombie Factor

[1] Drezner, Daniel W. Theories of International Politics and Zombies. Princeton University Press. January 2011. Available <  http://www.amazon.com/Theories-International-Politics-Zombies-Drezner/dp/0691147833 >

[2] Saideman, Steve. “Game of Thrones and IR Theory.” Saideman’s Semi-Spew. Blog Post. June 23, 2011.  Available <   http://saideman.blogspot.com/2011/06/game-of-thrones-and-ir-theory.html >

[3] Rosenberg, Alyssa. “Realpolitik in a Fantasy World.” Foreign Policy. July 18, 2011. Available <  http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/18/realpolitik_in_a_fantasy_world >

[4] We will not go into the historical origins of the term zombie, as related to the voodoo tradition imported from Africa to Haiti and how the belief was exported to movies. For a good anthropological study, see: Bishop, Kyle. “Raising the Dead.” Journal of Popular Film & Television. 33/4. 2006. P. 196-205.

[5] Partlow, Joshua. Mexican Schools shut as epidemic hits ‘critical’ point.” The Washington Post. April 28, 2009. Available <  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/27/AR2009042702017.html >

[6] Roberts, Michelle. “Haiti cholera ‘far worse than expected,’ experts fear.” BBC. March 15, 2011. Available < http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12744929 >

[7] Gaestel, Amy. “Haiti again caught in cholera’s grip.” Los Angeles Times. July 24, 2011. Available <http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-haiti-cholera-20110724,0,4930249.story >

[8] Tickner, Joel & Gouveia-Vigeant. “The 1991 Cholera Epidemic in Peru: Not a case of Precaution gone awry.” Risk Analysis. Vol. 25, No. 3. June 2005. P. 495-502. Available <     http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=943104 >

[9] Cesium Radiation Dispersal in Goiania, Brazil. Biot Report #234. July 7, 2005. Available <   http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=234 >

[10] Wilson, Cherry. “Puyehue volcano in Chile erupts, prompting mass evacuation.” The Guardian (UK). June 5, 2011.  Available <  http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/05/puyehue-volcano-chile-erupts-evacuation

[11] “Volcano prompts Peru evacuation.” BBC.co.uk. April 23, 2006. Available <  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4935568.stm >

[12] “In the eye of the storm: Disaster Management Lessons from Cuba.” Medic Review: Health and Medical News of Cuba. 2005. Available <
http://www.medicc.org/resources/documents/medicc-review-disaster-management.pdf >

[13] Garces, Raul O. “Former Uruguayan dictator Juan Maria Bordaberry dies.” Washington Post. July 18, 2011. Available <   http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/former-uruguayan-dictator-juan-maria-bordaberry-dies/2011/07/17/gIQAX54RKI_story.html >

[14] Wiarda, Howard J. & Collins, Hillary. “Constitutional Coups? Military Interventions in Latin America.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Americas Program. June 2011. Available <   http://csis.org/files/publication/110627_Wiarda_ConstitutionalCoups_Web.pdf >

[15] Wiarda, J. & Collins. “Constitutional Coups?” Center for Strategic and International Studies. P. 3.

[16] Wiarda, J. & Collins,. “Constitutional Coups? Center for Strategic and International Studies. P. 3.

[17] Briceno, Ana. “Crece el Mercado negro de armas.” Peru 21. June 18, 2011. Available <   http://peru21.pe/noticia/787156/crece-mercado-negro-armas-lima > Also see: Cegarra Mantilla, Ernesto. “Informe: La amenaza del ilegal mercado de las armas del fuego en el pais.” El Comercio (Peru). April 18, 2008. Available <   http://elcomercio.pe/ediciononline/html/2008-04-10/informe-amenaza-ilegal-mercado-armas-fuego-pais.html >

[18] Castillo, Eduardo.“Mexican soldiers seize huge cartel weapons cache.”Associated Press. The China Post. June 5, 2011. Available <  http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/americas/2011/06/05/305018/Mexican-soldiers.htm >

[19] Cave, Damien. “Monster trucks on the road, from gangs in Mexico.” New York Times. Americas. June 7, 2011. Available <  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/08/world/americas/08mexico.html?_r=1 >

[20] Riley, Brendan. “The E-Zombies:   Zombies in the Digital Age.” In Boluk, Stephanie & Lenz, Wylie (eds). Generation Dead: Essays on the Living Dead in Modern Culture.         McFarland. June 2011.

[21] “Mexico drug gangs hires ‘pretty’ hit women in new strategy to surprise enemies.” Telegraph. August 18, 2010. Available <  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/7951176/Mexican-drug-gang-hires-pretty-hit-women-in-new-strategy-to-surprise-enemies.html >

[22] Alexander, Harriet. “Mexico drug wars: El Ponchis, 14-year old assassin, admits to four gruesome murders.” Telegraph. December 4, 2010. Available <   http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/8181216/Mexico-drug-wars-El-Ponchis-14-year-old-assassin-admits-to-four-gruesome-murders.html >

[23] “Mexico: detienen a nina de 13 anos perteniciente al clan de los Zetas.” El Comercio (Peru). From El Universal (Mexico). August 8, 2011. Available < http://elcomercio.pe/mundo/1001248/noticia-mexico-detienen-nina-13-anos-perteneciente-al-clan-zetas >

[24] Glusing, Jens. “Child Soldiers in the Drug Wars – Violence in Rio de Janeiro.” Spiegel. March 2, 2007. Available <   http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,469510,00.html >

[25] “Callao: bandas juveniles tras la violencia.” Peru21. July 2, 2010. Available <   http://peru21.pe/noticia/504161/callao-bandas-juveniles-detras-violencia >

[26] “Guatemala attributes massacre to Zetas, declares state of emergency.” Latino Fox News. May 17, 2011. Available <  http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/05/17/guatemalan-massacre-possibly-carried-zetas-forces-state-emergency/ >

[27] “Abren narcos ruta a la ‘Santa Muerte.’” El Porvenir (Mexico). October 24, 2007. Available <  http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=168471 >

[28] Wood, Robyn. “Fresh Meat.” Film Comment. January-February 2008. P. 29.

[29] Riley, Brendan. “The E-Zombies:   Zombies in the Digital Age.” In Boluk, Stephanie & Lenz, Wylie (eds). Generation Dead: Essays on the Living Dead in Modern Culture.         McFarland. June 2011.

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Real(ly) Big Problem

[1] Mercosur: Evolution and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy

[2] Mercosur: Implications for Growth in Member Countries

[3] Mercosur: Evolution and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy

[4] Mercosur: Evolution and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy

[5] "Economy of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03.

[6] http://www.journalofcommerce.com/article/id46350

[7] http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110803-711518.html

[8] http://en.mercopress.com/2009/05/23/brazil-concerned-with-the-appreciation-of-its-currency-against-the-us-dolla

[9] Folha (2011). "Exportações brasileiras batem recorde em 2010 e chegam a US$ 201,9 bi". Folha Online. Retrieved January 3, 2011.

[10] Three top economists agree 2009 worst financial crisis since great depression; risks increase if right steps are not taken. (February 29, 2009). Reuters. Retrieved 2009-09-30, from Business Wire News database.

[11] http://en.mercopress.com/2011/04/14/mercosur-outperformed-in-2008-09-recession-and-during-2010-recovery

[12] http://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/03/brazil-announces-16bn-dollars-plan-to-prop-industry-and-weaken-the-super-real

[13] http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/04/foreign_exchange

[14] http://www.brazilcham.com/default.asp?id=248&c002_ui=sa&c002_id=1441
 

[15] http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110805-714777.html

[16] http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110805-717325.html

[17] http://www.brazzilmag.com/component/content/article/101-august-2011/12645-brazil-gets-super-real-and-overflows-with-dollars-us-16-billion-in-july-alone.html

[18] http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110805-717325.html

[19] http://www.brazzilmag.com/home/101-august-2011/12645-brazil-gets-super-real-and-overflows-with-dollars-us-16-billion-in-july-alone.html

[20] http://www.brazzilmag.com/home/101-august-2011/12645-brazil-gets-super-real-and-overflows-with-dollars-us-16-billion-in-july-alone.html

[21] http://en.mercopress.com/2011/07/25/eu-mercosur-agreement-too-much-fear-from-both-sides

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Central American Migrants in Mexico: Lost in a Black Hole of Violence

[1] “Tough trip to a rough destiny,” LatinNews, August, 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/lrc/LRC22892.asp?instance=10&search=migrants

[2] Jorge Carrasco Araizaga, “Agentes del INM, coludidos con el crimen organizado: Poder Judicial de la Federación,” Proceso, May 9, 2011, www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/pdfExclusiva/91087

[3] “México crea la figura del visitante para el tránsito legal de migrantes,” CNN México, June 20, 2011, http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/06/20/mexico-crea-la-figura-del-visitante-para-el-transito-legal-de-migrantes

[4] “México crea la figura del visitante para el tránsito legal de migrantes,” CNN México, June 20, 2011, http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/06/20/mexico-crea-la-figura-del-visitante-para-el-transito-legal-de-migrantes

[5] Anne-Marie O’Connor, “Mexican cartels move into human trafficking,” The Washington Post, July 27, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/mexican-cartels-move-into-human-trafficking/2011/07/22/gIQArmPVcI_story.html

[6] Anne-Marie O’Connor, “Mexican cartels move into human trafficking,” The Washington Post, July 27, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/mexican-cartels-move-into-human-trafficking/2011/07/22/gIQArmPVcI_story.html

[7] José Gil Olmos, “Los Zetas crean ‘ejército de reserva’ con migrantes: Solalinde,” Proceso, July 25, 2011, http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=277041

[8] José Gil Olmos, “Los Zetas crean ‘ejército de reserva’ con migrantes: Solalinde,” Proceso, July 25, 2011, http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=277041

[9] Dane Schiller, “Narco gangster reveals the underworld,” Houston Chronicle, June 13, 2011, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/topstory/7607122.html

[10] “México: massacre de indocumentados,” BBC Mundo, August 25, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/america_latina/2010/08/100825_1918_mexico_muertos_inmigrantes_rb.shtml

[11] “Mexico tightens southern border,” LatinNews, May 19, 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22759.asp?instance=1

[12] “Mexico Moves on Migrants,” LatinNews, May 18, 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22757.asp?instance=1

[13] Alberto Nájar, “Lo qué gana el presidente Mauricio Funes en México,” BBC Mundo, June 21, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/06/110621_funes_mexico_an.shtml

[14] Alberto Nájar, “Lo qué gana el presidente Mauricio Funes en México,” BBC Mundo, June 21, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/06/110621_funes_mexico_an.shtml

[15] Eduardo Rodríguez Soto, “Las 13 recomendaciones de la CIDH a México por migrantes,” Animal Político, August 3, 2011, http://www.animalpolitico.com/2011/08/la-situacion-de-los-migrantes-en-mexico-es-grave-cidh/

[16] José Gil Olmos, “Los Zetas crean ‘ejército de reserva’ con migrantes: Solalinde,” Proceso, July 25, 2011, Los Zetas crean “ejército de reserva” con migrantes: Solalinde

[17] “’Ni muerto me sacarán del albergue’: Solalinde,” Noticias Net, August 12, 2011, http://www.noticiasnet.mx/portal/principal/ni-muerto-me-sacaran-del-albergue-solalinde

[18] “Tough trip to a rough destiny,” LatinNews, August 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/lrc/LRC22892.asp?instance=10&search=migrants

[19] Eduardo Rodríguez Soto, “Las 13 recomendaciones de la CIDH a México por migrantes,” Animal Político, August 3, 2011, http://www.animalpolitico.com/2011/08/la-situacion-de-los-migrantes-en-mexico-es-grave-cidh/

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^[1] Gold Price in USD, accessed July 28, 2011, http://goldprice.org/gold-price.html.

^[2]Simon Rivera, “In Colombia, New Gold Rush Fuels Old Conflict,” The New York Times, access July 28, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/world/americas/04colombia.html?partner=rss&emc=rss.

^[3] “Oro Manchado de Sangre,” Verdad Abierta, July 29, 2011, http://www.verdadabierta.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=2766.

^[4]Elyssa Pachico, “InSight Map: Conflict and Colombia’s Gold Rush,” InSight,  accessed July 30, 2011, http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/646-insight-map-conflict-and-colombias-gold-rush.

^[5] Jim Wyss, “Colombia Tries to Halt Illegal Gold Mines,” Mining in Colombia, accessed July 30, 2011, http://miningincolombia.com/2011/market-commentary/colombia-tries-to-halt-illegal-gold-mines/.

^[6]“Exportaciones de Oro no son lo que Parecen,” El Mundo, accessed July 30, 2011, http://www.elmundo.com/portal/noticias/economia/exportaciones_de_oro_no_son_lo_que_parecen.php.

^[7]Hernando Salazar, “La minerá illegal financia al crimen en Colombia,” BBC Mundo, accessed July 29, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/03/110310_colombia_mineria_ilegal_az.shtml.

^[8]Colombia’s Gold Rush, Fault Lines (2011: Al Jazeera English), accessed July 16, 2011, http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/faultlines/2011/07/2011757127575176.html.

^[9] Yeison Gualdrón, “Sector minero perdería un billon de pesos por ilegalidad, Portfolio, accessed July 31, 2011, http://www.portafolio.co/economia/sector-minero-perderia-un-billon-pesos-ilegalidad.

^[10] Observatory on Integrated Peace, PDPMM: Database of people expelled from the municipalities of Magdalena Medio 1994-2007, Barrancabermeja, 2008.

^[11] Observatory on Integrated Peace, PDPMM, Síntesis DH-DIH-VPS 05-07, Barrancabermeja, 2008.

^[12] MiningWatch Canada and CENSAT-Agua Viva, “Land and Conflict- Resource Extraction, Human Rights, and Corporate Social Responsibility: Canadian Companies in Colombia,” Inter Pares, pg. 33, accessed July 30, 2011, http://www.interpares.ca/en/publications/pdf/Land_and_Conflict.pdf.

^[13] Ibid, MiningWatch Canada and CENSAT-Agua Viva, pg. 22.

^[14] Ibid, MiningWatch Canada and CENSAT-Agua Viva, pg. 34.

^[15] “FP says Greystar shakes up its executive ranks,” Mining in Colombia, accessed August 4, 2011, http://miningincolombia.com/2011/colombian-companies/fp-says-greystar-shakes-up-its-executive-ranks/.

^[16] Ibid, MiningWatch Canada and CENSAT-Agua Viva, pg. 37.

^[17] Ibid, MiningWatch Canada and CENSAT-Agua Viva, pg. 38.

^[18]Ibid, Fault Lines.

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Winds of Change: Uruguay's Sustainable Energy Plans

^[1] ‘Argentina-Paraguay shipping row gets worse.’ United Press International. 10 December 2010. http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2010/12/10/Argentina-Paraguay-shipping-row-gets-worse/UPI-41251292006353/

^[2] ‘Paraguay and Uruguay claim Argentina is obstructing regional power agreement.’ Mercosur Press. 5 July 2011. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/07/05/paraguay-and-uruguay-claim-argentina-is-obstructing-regional-power-agreement

^[3] Ibid. ; ‘Argentina blocks sale of Paraguayan power to Uruguay.’ United Press International. 26 August 2011. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentina-blocks-sale-of-paraguayan-power-to-uruguay.

^[4] ‘Paraguay wants Argentina to pay better prices for power from shared dam.’ Mercosur Press. 19 July 2011. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/07/19/paraguay-wants-argentina-to-pay-better-prices-for-power-from-shared-dam

^[5] Méndez, Rámon. Energy Policy in 2030: Renewable Energy Commitment in Uruguay.30 March 2010. http://www.cleanenergycongress.com.ar/es/docs/pdf/10-%20Ramon%20Mendez.pdf

^[6] Chagas, Guilherme, O., Pires, Ana Morais., Guedes, Ricardo André., Ferreira, Miguel Vasconcelos. ‘Wind Resource of Uruguay’. Megajoule. September 2009. http://www.megajoule.pt/img_upload/Publications/windexpoPanama09_uruguay_resource_full.pdf

^[7] ‘Strengthening Energy Security in Uruguay.’ Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Technical Paper 116/07. World Bank. May 2007. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187282&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000090341_20070716155451&searchMenuPK=64187282&theSitePK=523679 ;
Méndez, Rámon. Energy Policy in 2030: Renewable Energy Commitment in Uruguay. 30 March 2010. http://www.cleanenergycongress.com.ar/es/docs/pdf/10-%20Ramon%20Mendez.pdf

^[8] Strengthening Energy Security in Uruguay.’ Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Technical Paper 116/07. World Bank. May 2007. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187282&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000090341_20070716155451&searchMenuPK=64187282&theSitePK=523679

^[9] Gedan, Benjamin N. ‘Uruguay drought creates energy crisis.’ Miami Herald. 25 May 2008. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/uruguay/drought.htm

^[10] ‘Uruguay faces critical energy situation because of insufficient rainfall.’ Mercosur Press. 2 May 2009. http://en.mercopress.com/2009/05/02/uruguay-faces-critical-energy-situation-because-of-insufficient-rainfall

^[11] Méndez, Rámon. Energy Policy in 2030: Renewable Energy Commitment in Uruguay. 30 March 2010. http://www.cleanenergycongress.com.ar/es/docs/pdf/10-%20Ramon%20Mendez.pdf

^[12] Gaudin, Andrés. ‘Uruguay Banks on Wind Power.’ Notien, University of New Mexico. June 2011. http://repository.unm.edu/handle/1928/12578 ; Ibid.

^[13] Nielsen, Stephan. ‘Uruguay’s Government Plans to Develop as Much Wind Energy as Possible.’ Bloomberg. 2 February 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-03/uruguay-s-government-aims-for-as-much-wind-energy-as-possible-.html

^[14] Méndez, Rámon. In Nielsen, Stephan. ‘Uruguay’s Government Plans to Develop as Much Wind Energy as Possible.’ Bloomberg. 2 February 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-03/uruguay-s-government-aims-for-as-much-wind-energy-as-possible-.html

^[15] Nielsen, Stephan. ‘Uruguay’s Government Plans to Develop as Much Wind Energy as Possible.’ Bloomberg. 2 February 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-03/uruguay-s-government-aims-for-as-much-wind-energy-as-possible-.html

^[16] ‘Campaigners stage Nant y Moch wind farm protest’. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-12648678 ;   ‘Local wind farm protest in Stratford targets local MPP.’ The Canadian Press. August 31 2011. http://swo.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110831/wind-farm-protest-stratford-110831/20110831/?hub=SWOHome

^[17] ‘Background Note: Uruguay.’ The CIA World Factbook. US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2091.htm ;   ‘Three new wind farms in Uruguay’ Uruguay XXI Investment and Export Promotion Agency. http://www.uruguayxxi.gub.uy/innovaportal/v/1333/2/innova.front/three_new_wind_farms_in_uruguay.html

^[18] Nielsen, Stephan. ‘Uruguay’s Government Plans to Develop as Much Wind Energy as Possible.’ Bloomberg. 2 February 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-03/uruguay-s-government-aims-for-as-much-wind-energy-as-possible-.html

^[19] Méndez, Rámon. Energy Policy in 2030: Renewable Energy Commitment in Uruguay. 30 March 2010. http://www.cleanenergycongress.com.ar/es/docs/pdf/10-%20Ramon%20Mendez.pdf

^[20] Nielsen, Stephan. ‘Uruguay’s Government Plans to Develop as Much Wind Energy as Possible.’ Bloomberg. 2 February 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-03/uruguay-s-government-aims-for-as-much-wind-energy-as-possible-.html

^[21] Traditionally, Uruguay has been a country with low carbon emissions per gross domestic product; in other words, individuals have used much less energy per person than the average Latin American. While Argentina and Chile, for example, consume around 1,000 and 1,200 Tons Per Oil Equivalent (toe) per habitant per year, respectively, Uruguay only consumes around 600 toe per capita. See;
Strengthening Energy Security in Uruguay.’ Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Technical Paper 116/07. World Bank. May 2007. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187282&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000090341_20070716155451&searchMenuPK=64187282&theSitePK=523679

^[22] ‘Country Analysis Briefs – Brazil.’ U.S. Energy Information Administration. January 2011. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/Brazil/pdf.pdf

^[23] ‘International Energy Outlook 2010.’ U.S. Energy Information Administration. July 2010. http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484%282010%29.pdf

^[24]  For more on the worrying levels of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon see; Rust, Elizabeth. ‘Brazil’s Deforestation Quagmire.’ Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 13 July 2011. http://www.coha.org/brazil%E2%80%99s-deforestation-quagmire/
For more on the deforestation in Ecuador see the United Nation’s Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries at; http://www.un-redd.org/AboutUNREDDProgramme/NationalProgrammes/tabid/584/Default.aspx
 

^[25] ‘Development and Climate Change in Uruguay: Focus on Coastal Zones, Agriculture and Forestry.’ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2004. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/7/32427988.pdf http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/7/32427988.pdf


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