Ecuador: Media Caught in the Crossfire between a Popular President and Defenders of Free Speech

[1] “Hogueras bárbaras” Hoy, 20 de noviembre. 2003. hoy.ec.com

[2] Pincay, Yolanda y Andrea Ocaña. “Bucaram reinició actividad política en el país”. El Universo. 20 de mayo del 2007. eluniverso.com

[3] Ramonet, Ignacio. “Pedí una pistola para defenderme” Le Monde Diplomatique de España. Enero 2011.

[4] Chuck Strouse. “Emilio Palacio: Ecuadorean Journalist Jailed for Truth” miaminewtimes.com. 30 de Agosto. 2011.

[5] Emilio Palacio. Entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Conversación. Washington, D.C. , 20 de octubre del 2011.

[6] Palacio, Emilio. “No a las mentiras” El Universo. 6 de febrero 2011. eluniverso.com

[7] Emilio Palacio. Entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Grabación. Washington, D.C. , 20 de octubre del 2011.

[8] Ibid.

[9] http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ecuadors-autocrat-cracks-down-on-media-freedom/2011/07/27/gIQA5BRtfI_story.html

[10] http://www.ned.org/cima/about-cima/cima-news/ecuador%E2%80%99s-autocrat-cracks-down-media-freedom

[11] http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/world/10141959/journalist-flees-ecuador-to-evade-prison-sentence/

[12] “Debate sobre la Ley de Comunicación”. Radio Quito. 18 agosto. 2011. elcomercio.com

[13] http://www.argenpress.info/2011/10/ecuador-tambien-los-recursos.html

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Security’s Ugly Side: How to Uncorrupt the Corrupt

[1] http://www.rpp.com.pe/2011-10-11-valdes-afirma-que-se-esta-ejecutando-una-reingenieria-en-la-policia-noticia_411724.html

[2] http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/world/americas/26mexico.html

[3] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8356140.stm

[4] http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/31/world/la-fg-mexico-police-fired-20100831

[5] http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-10-20/news/30322174_1_zetas-sinaloa-cartel-police-officers

[6] Interview

[7] Interview

[8] http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904233404576458312223960484.html

[9] http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/AC_and_Police_Integrity.pdf

[10] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15250508

[11] http://elcomercio.pe/politica/1316583/noticia-600-coroneles-tambien-dejaran-pnp-reestructuracion

[12] http://www.insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/1700-peru-slashes-police-leadership-to-streamline-force

[13]http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/AC_and_Police_Integrity.pdf

[14] https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10794

[15] http://azstarnet.com/news/world/article_b4670e8a-2f91-5eb5-a83d-c56ffadb121f.html

[16] http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703580004576180771501773358.html

[17] http://www.insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/1636-pay-rises-alone-wont-break-chain-of-police-corruption

[18] http://www.criminaljusticedegreesguide.com/features/10-most-corrupt-police-forces-in-the-world.html

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Chile: La desigualdad tras la prosperidad

[1] “Presidente Piñera lanzó agenda ‘Chile País Desarrollado’ que contempla 50 iniciativas para generar ‘más oportunidades y mejores empleos’”gobiernodechile.cl, last modified September 11, 2010. http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/destacados/2010/11/08/presidente-pinera-lanzo-agenda-chile-pais-desarrollado-que-contempla-50-iniciativa.htm (Translation by author)

[2] “International Monetary Fund Report for Selected countries and subjects-Chile” Accessed November 10, 2011.  http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=50&pr.y=2 

^[3] Cociña, Matías, “Índice de Desarrollo Humano 2011: Nuestra Desigualdad como Lastre,” de la República, last modified November 4, 2011. http://blog.delarepublica.cl/2011/11/04/indice-de-desarrollo-humano-la-desigualdad-como-lastre/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+delarepublica+%28delarepublica.cl%29 (Translation by author)

[4] Gonzalo Durán in discussion with author, November 3, 2011.

[5] Durán, Gonzalo, “PIB crece en 8,4% el primer semestre, pero ya no basta con crecer,” La Tercera, last modified August 19, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/pib_crece_en_8_4 (Translation by author)

[6] Zahler, Andrés, “¿En qué país vivimos los Chilenos?,” CIPER, last modified June 06, 2011. http://ciperchile.cl/2011/06/06/%C2%BFen-que-pais-vivimos-los-chilenos/ (Translation  by author)

[7] Andrés Zahler in discussion with author, November 6, 2011.

[8] “The World Bank, GINI Index, 2009”, Accessed November 10, 2011. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/

[9] “OECD (2011), Society at a Glance –OECD Social Indicators, Key Findings: Chile” Last modified April 12, 2011 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/23/47572883.pdf

[10] “Kast calificó de ´vergüenza social `niveles de desigualdad por la OCDE,” Cooperativa, Last modified April 12, 2011 http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20110412/pags/20110412142423.html (Translation by author)

[11] “Analisis histórico y estimaciones futuras del aporte de la minería al desarrollo de la economía chilena,” Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 22 (2008) http://www.cochilco.cl/productos/pdf/impacto_economico_mineria_31_de_marzo.pdf (Translation by author)

[12] Gonzalo Durán in discussion with author, November 3, 2011.

[13] Durán, Gonzalo, “El día del Trabajo Decente y la Tijera de la Desigualdad en Chile,” Fundación Sol, Last modified October 12,2011. http://www.fundacionsol.cl/el-dia-del-trabajo-decente-y-la-tijera-de-la-desigualdad-en-chile.

[14] Andrés Zahler in discussion with author, November 6, 2011.

[15] Durán, Gonzalo “La responsabilidad de las 4 mil familias que tienen secuestrado al país,” La Tercera, Last modified October 20, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/la_responsabilidad_de_las_4 (Translation by author)

[16] Durán, Gonzalo “La responsabilidad de las 4 mil familias que tienen secuestrado al país,” La Tercera, Last modified October 20, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/la_responsabilidad_de_las_4 (Translation by author)

[17] Durán, Gonzalo “¿Ingreso ético o salario ético?” La Tercera, Last modified September 30, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/ingreso_%C3%A9tico_o_salario_%C3%A9tico (Translation by author)

[18] Paulsen, Fernando. ADN Radio Chile, 91.7 FM, October 6, 2011. (Translation by author)

[19] Titelman, Noam, “Seguir extendiendo horizontes en la universidad y el país,” El Dínamo, Last modified November 7, 2011. http://www.eldinamo.cl/blog/seguir-extendiendo-horizontes-en-la-universidad-y-el-pais/ (Translation by author)

[20] Mayol Alberto, Araya Javiera, Azócar Carla, Azócar Carlos, “7 Fenómenos Sobre Educación y Desigualdad en Chile: Informe a Prensa de la Línea de Investigación “Cultura y estructura social” CIES, Accessed November 10, 2011. www.ciesmilenio.cl/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/DESIGUALDAD-Y-EDUCACION-INFORME-CIES-U-DE-CHILE.pdf

[21] García, Amparo “Chile: ¿Más Equitativo?,” Blog instituto de Economía, Universidad Católica de Chile. Last modified June 30,2011. http://www.economia.puc.cl/611-chile-imas-equitativo

[22] “The World Bank: Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)”, Accessed November 10, 2011. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries

[23] Sepúlveda, Manuel, “Presupuesto 2012: De histórico, nada,” El Dínamo, Last modified October 19, 2011. http://www.eldinamo.cl/blog/presupuesto-2012-de-historico-nada/

[24] Waissbluth, Mario “Inequidad, tributación y eficencia pública,” La Tercera,  Last modified February 9, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/mwaissbluth/entry/inequidad_tributaci%C3%B3n_y_eficiencia_p%C3%BAblica

[25] Asahi, Kenzo, “Igualmente desiguales,” El Post, Last modified January 5, 2011. http://elpost.cl/content/igualmente-desiguales (Translation by author)

[26]Asahi, Kenzo, “Igualmente desiguales,” El Post, Last modified January 5, 2011. http://elpost.cl/content/igualmente-desiguales (Translation by author)

[27] Asahi, Kenzo, “Igualmente desiguales,” El Post, Last modified January 5, 2011. http://elpost.cl/content/igualmente-desiguales (Translation by author)

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The "Enforcers": MINUSTAH and the Culture of Violence in Port-au-Prince

[1] Randal C. Archibold, "Haiti Leader Is Opposed to Reduction of U.N. Force," The New York Times (New York), September 22, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/world/martelly-opposes-reducing-un-force-in-haiti.html?_r=1.

[2] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.

[3] Bernd Pulch, "Secret."

[4] Matheson, "Statement of Professor Michael J. Matheson."

[5] Democracy Now! "Haitians Barricading Streets with Coffins as Protests against U.N. Continue over Cholera Outbreak," Democracy Now! (New York), November 18, 2010, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/18/un_blamed_for_killing_2_haitian

[6] ibid.

[7] Ansel Herz. "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Earthquake Cables," The Nation (New York), June 15, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161459/wikileaks-haiti-earthquake-cables; http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=10STATE5001

[8] Haiti Libre, Arnaud Robert, and Le Temps. "Haiti - Social: The causes of the failure of the international community in Haiti," Haiti Libre, December 29, 2010, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-1963-haiti-social-the-causes-of-the-failure-of-the-international-community-in-haiti.html.

[9] Herz, "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Earthquake Cables."

[10] Schuller, email message.

[11] Deepa Panchang. "Haiti: Contesting the UN Occupation," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.6 (New York, 2010): 5-7, accessed September 26, 2011.

[12] Tom Brown. "Haiti aid effort marred by slow U.N. response," Reuters, February 26, 2010, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/26/us-quake-haiti-relief-idUSTRE61P03N20100226

[13] Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights and Centro de Justiça Global. "Keeping the Peace in Haiti? An Assesment of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Using Compliance with its Prescribed Mandate as a Barometer for Success," March, 2005, accessed October 24, 2011, Harvard Law School Human Rights Program (Cambridge, MA), http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp/documents/haitireport.pdf: 1.

[14] Athena R. Kolbe and Royce A. Hutson, "Human rights abuse and other criminal violations in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: a random survey of households," The Lancet 368.9538 (2006): 864-73.

[15] ibid.

[16] Coughlin and Ives, "WikiLeaks Haiti: Country's Elite."

[17] Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights and Centro de Justiça Global. "Keeping the Peace in Haiti?," 1; Fenton, Anthony, and Dru Oja Jay. "Declassifying Canada in Haiti: Part I," Global Policy Forum (New York), April 7, 2006, accessed September 29, 2011, http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/186/34468.html.

[18] For more information and background, please see Courtney Frantz. "Leta Restavek: The Suppression of Democracy in Haiti." Council on Hemispheric Affairs, October 17, 2011, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.coha.org/leta-restavek-the-suppression-of-democracy-in-haiti/

[19] Bernd Pulch, "Secret: Why We Need Continuing MINUSTAH Presence in Haiti," Bernd Pulch, published August 22, 2011; accessed September 22, 2011, http://berndpulch.org/2011/08/22/secret-why-we-need-continuing-minustah-presence-in-haiti/.

[20] Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights and Centro de Justiça Global. "Keeping the Peace in Haiti?," 1.

[21] Coughlin and Ives, "WikiLeaks Haiti: Country's Elite."

[22] ibid.

[23] ibid.

[24] ibid.

[25] ibid.

[26] Andrew Buncombe. "UN admits civilians may have died in Haiti peacekeeping raid," The Independent (London), July 15, 2008, accessed September 28, 2011, "http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/un-admits-civilians-may-have-died-in-haiti-peacekeeping-raid-522317.html

[27] Coughlin and Ives, "WikiLeaks Haiti: Country's Elite." According to the author, this "cable [was] obtained by Professor Keith Yearman of the College of DuPage through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request."

[28] ibid.

[29] Mark Weisbrot. "Is this Minustah's 'Abu Ghraib moment' in Haiti?" The Guardian (London), September 3, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/sep/03/minustah-un-haiti-abuse

[30] ibid.

[31] Kim Ives and Ansel Herz. "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files," The Nation (New York), August 5, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/162598/wikileaks-haiti-aristide-files

[32] Naomi Klein. "My date with Aristide," Now Magazine 24.47 (Toronto), July 21, 2005, accessed Spetember 29, 2011, http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=148513&archive=24,47,2005.

[33] Ives and Herz, "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files."

[34] Greg Grandin and Keane Bhatt, "10 Reasons Why the UN Occupation of Haiti Must End," The Nation (New York), September 26, 2011, accessed September 29, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/163632/10-reasons-why-un-occupation-haiti-must-end.

[35] Democracy Now! Haitians Barricading Streets with Coffins as Protests against U.N. Continue over Cholera Outbreak, Democracy Now! (New York), November 18, 2010, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/18/un_blamed_for_killing_2_haitian

[36] Ansel Herz; "The Death of Gérard Jean-Gilles: How the UN Stonewalled Haitian Justice," Haiti Liberté 5.10, September 21-27, 2011, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.haiti-liberte.com/archives/volume5-10/The%20Death.asp, quoted in Grandin and Bhatt, "10 Reasons."

[37] Grandin and Bhatt, "10 Reasons."

[38] Archibold, "Haiti Leader."

[39] Grandin and Bhatt, "10 Reasons;"Bri Kouri Nouvèl Gaye, Mennonite Central Committee Haiti, Let Haiti Live, and UnityAyiti, "Haiti'S Renewal of MINUSTAH's Mandate in Violation of the Human Rights of the Haitian People," Republic of Haiti: Submission to the United Nations Universal Periodic Review: Twelfth Session of the Working Group on the UPR, Human Rights Council, October 3 - October 13, 2011, accessed October 24, 2011, http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Final_MINUSTAH_English.pdf

[40] Frantz, "Leta Restavek;" Democracy Now! "Haitians Barracading."

[41] Hannah Arendt. The Life of the Mind (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc., 1978), 180.

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The Inequality Behind Chile’s Prosperity

[1] “Presidente Piñera lanzó agenda ‘Chile País Desarrollado’ que contempla 50 iniciativas para generar ‘más oportunidades y mejores empleos’”gobiernodechile.cl, last modified September 11, 2010. http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/destacados/2010/11/08/presidente-pinera-lanzo-agenda-chile-pais-desarrollado-que-contempla-50-iniciativa.htm (Translation by author)

[2] “International Monetary Fund Report for Selected countries and subjects-Chile” Accessed November 10, 2011.  http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=228&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=50&pr.y=2 

^[3] Cociña, Matías, “Índice de Desarrollo Humano 2011: Nuestra Desigualdad como Lastre,” de la República, last modified November 4, 2011. http://blog.delarepublica.cl/2011/11/04/indice-de-desarrollo-humano-la-desigualdad-como-lastre/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+delarepublica+%28delarepublica.cl%29 (Translation by author)

[4] Gonzalo Durán in discussion with author, November 3, 2011.

[5] Durán, Gonzalo, “PIB crece en 8,4% el primer semestre, pero ya no basta con crecer,” La Tercera, last modified August 19, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/pib_crece_en_8_4 (Translation by author)

[6] Zahler, Andrés, “¿En qué país vivimos los Chilenos?,” CIPER, last modified June 06, 2011. http://ciperchile.cl/2011/06/06/%C2%BFen-que-pais-vivimos-los-chilenos/ (Translation  by author)

[7] Andrés Zahler in discussion with author, November 6, 2011.

[8] “The World Bank, GINI Index, 2009”, Accessed November 10, 2011. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/

[9] “OECD (2011), Society at a Glance –OECD Social Indicators, Key Findings: Chile” Last modified April 12, 2011 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/23/47572883.pdf

[10] “Kast calificó de ´vergüenza social `niveles de desigualdad por la OCDE,” Cooperativa, Last modified April 12, 2011 http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20110412/pags/20110412142423.html (Translation by author)

[11] “Analisis histórico y estimaciones futuras del aporte de la minería al desarrollo de la economía chilena,” Comisión Chilena del Cobre, 22 (2008) http://www.cochilco.cl/productos/pdf/impacto_economico_mineria_31_de_marzo.pdf (Translation by author)

[12] Gonzalo Durán in discussion with author, November 3, 2011.

[13] Durán, Gonzalo, “El día del Trabajo Decente y la Tijera de la Desigualdad en Chile,” Fundación Sol, Last modified October 12,2011. http://www.fundacionsol.cl/el-dia-del-trabajo-decente-y-la-tijera-de-la-desigualdad-en-chile.

[14] Andrés Zahler in discussion with author, November 6, 2011.

[15] Durán, Gonzalo “La responsabilidad de las 4 mil familias que tienen secuestrado al país,” La Tercera, Last modified October 20, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/la_responsabilidad_de_las_4 (Translation by author)

[16] Durán, Gonzalo “La responsabilidad de las 4 mil familias que tienen secuestrado al país,” La Tercera, Last modified October 20, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/la_responsabilidad_de_las_4 (Translation by author)

[17] Durán, Gonzalo “¿Ingreso ético o salario ético?” La Tercera, Last modified September 30, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/gduran/entry/ingreso_%C3%A9tico_o_salario_%C3%A9tico (Translation by author)

[18] Paulsen, Fernando. ADN Radio Chile, 91.7 FM, October 6, 2011. (Translation by author)

[19] Titelman, Noam, “Seguir extendiendo horizontes en la universidad y el país,” El Dínamo, Last modified November 7, 2011. http://www.eldinamo.cl/blog/seguir-extendiendo-horizontes-en-la-universidad-y-el-pais/ (Translation by author)

[20] Mayol Alberto, Araya Javiera, Azócar Carla, Azócar Carlos, “7 Fenómenos Sobre Educación y Desigualdad en Chile: Informe a Prensa de la Línea de Investigación “Cultura y estructura social” CIES, Accessed November 10, 2011. www.ciesmilenio.cl/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/DESIGUALDAD-Y-EDUCACION-INFORME-CIES-U-DE-CHILE.pdf

[21] García, Amparo “Chile: ¿Más Equitativo?,” Blog instituto de Economía, Universidad Católica de Chile. Last modified June 30,2011. http://www.economia.puc.cl/611-chile-imas-equitativo

[22] “The World Bank: Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)”, Accessed November 10, 2011. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries

[23] Sepúlveda, Manuel, “Presupuesto 2012: De histórico, nada,” El Dínamo, Last modified October 19, 2011. http://www.eldinamo.cl/blog/presupuesto-2012-de-historico-nada/

[24] Waissbluth, Mario “Inequidad, tributación y eficencia pública,” La Tercera,  Last modified February 9, 2011. http://blog.latercera.com/blog/mwaissbluth/entry/inequidad_tributaci%C3%B3n_y_eficiencia_p%C3%BAblica

[25] Asahi, Kenzo, “Igualmente desiguales,” El Post, Last modified January 5, 2011. http://elpost.cl/content/igualmente-desiguales (Translation by author)

[26]Asahi, Kenzo, “Igualmente desiguales,” El Post, Last modified January 5, 2011. http://elpost.cl/content/igualmente-desiguales (Translation by author)

[27] Asahi, Kenzo, “Igualmente desiguales,” El Post, Last modified January 5, 2011. http://elpost.cl/content/igualmente-desiguales (Translation by author)

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Helping Cuban Reforms through Agricultural Trade

[1] “U.S. Generalized System of Preferences Guidebook” available at http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/1597, at 20 [“GSP Guidebook”].  See 19 U.S.C. § 2462(b).

[2] Id. See 19 U.S.C. § 2462(b).

[3] General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [the “GATT”], note 1, at Article II.  Available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47.pdf.

[4] Boughner, Devry S., and Coleman, Jonathan R., Normalizing Trade Relations with Cuba: GATT-compliant Options for the Allocation of the U.S. Sugar Tarriff-rate Quota, available at http://esteyjournal.com/j_pdfs/boughnercoleman3-1.pdf at 50.

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The Trafficking in Persons Report: Who is the United States to Judge?

[1] http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164222.htm

[2] http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06825.pdf

[3] Ibid.

[4] Bales, Kevin, and Ron Soodalter. The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today. University of California Press; 1 edition (June 18, 2009).

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.

[7] http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142761.htm

[8] Ibid.

[9] http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164233.htm

[10] Ibid.

[11] Ibid.

[12] http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127900407

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[1] AUTOR, Autor. “Hogueras bárbaras” Hoy. 20 de noviembre de 2003.

[2] Pincay, Yolanda y Andrea Ocaña. “Bucaram reinició actividad política en el país” El Universo. 20 de mayo de 2007.

[3] Ramonet, Ignacio. “Pedí una pistola para defenderme” Le Monde Diplomatique (España). 3 de enero de 2011.

[4] Strouse, Chuck. “Emilio Palacio: Ecuadorean Journalist Jailed for Truth” Miami New Times. 30 de agosto de 2011.

[5] Emilio Palacio entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Washington, D.C. 20 de octubre de 2011.

[6] Palacio, Emilio. “No a las mentiras” El Universo. 6 de febrero de 2011.

[7] Emilio Palacio entrevistado por Olga Imbaquingo. Washington, D.C. 20 de octubre de 2011.

[8] Ibíd.

[9] Editorial, ”Ecuador’s autocrat cracks down on media freedom” The Washington Post. 28 julio de 2011.

[10] Ibíd.

[11] Anónimo, “HRW denuncia un ataque a la libertad de expresión en Ecuador” El Universo. 21 de julio de 2011.

[12] “Debate sobre la Ley de Comunicación” El Comercio (Radio Quito). 18 agosto de 2011.

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Neo-Paramilitary Gangs Ratchet Up Their Threat to Colombian Civil Society and the Long Term Survival of Civic Rectitude in the Public Arena

[1] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[2] Peter Burbidge, “Justice and Peace?—The role of Law in Resolving Colombia’s Civil Conflict,” International Criminal Law Review 8 (2008) 557-87. Accessed October 18, 2011. Doi: 10.1163/157181208X308556.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[6] Peter Burbidge, “Justice and Peace?—The role of Law in Resolving Colombia’s Civil Conflict,” International Criminal Law Review 8 (2008) 557-87. Accessed October 18, 2011. Doi: 10.1163/157181208X308556.

[7] Human Rights Watch, “Colombia: Letting Paramilitaries Off The Hook.” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/americas/colombia0105/colombia0105.pdf

[8] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[9] Ibid.

[10] International Federation for Human Rights, “Paramilitary Demobilization in Colombia: On the road to the International Criminal Court.” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.fidh.org/Paramilitary-Demobilization-in-Colombia-On-the

[11] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[12] Peter Burbidge, “Justice and Peace?—The role of Law in Resolving Colombia’s Civil Conflict,” International Criminal Law Review 8 (2008) 557-87. Accessed October 18, 2011. Doi: 10.1163/157181208X308556.

[13] International Federation for Human Rights, “Paramilitary Demobilization in Colombia: On the road to the International Criminal Court.” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.fidh.org/Paramilitary-Demobilization-in-Colombia-On-the

[14] Ibid.

[15] Council on Foreign Relations, Colombia’s Right-Wings Paramilitaries and Splinter Groups, 01/11/2008, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.cfr.org/colombia/colombias-right-wing-paramilitaries-splinter-groups/p15239#p5

[16] Human Rights Watch, “Paramilitaries’ Heirs”, 02/03/2010, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/node/88058/section/8

[17] Colombia Reports, “Colombia in denial about errors in paramilitary demobilization”, 02/05/2010, accessed October 18, 2011, http://colombiareports.com/opinion/the-colombiamerican/8058-colombia-in-denial-about-errors-made-with-paramilitary-demobilization.html

[18] El Nuevo Siglo, “Bacrim, un enimigo derrotable”, 10/02/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.elnuevosiglo.com.co/articulos/10-2011-bacrim-un-enemigo-derrotable.html

[19] Fox News Latino, “Paramilitary Gangs Contribute to Surge in Violence in Colombia”, 06/14/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/07/14/paramilitary-gangs-or-bacrims-in-colombia-contribute-to-surge-in-violence/

[20] Los Angeles Times, “In Colombia, killings persist after the fighting is over”, 09/16/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/16/world/la-fg-colombia-killings-20110917

[21] In Sight, “Police: Bacrims main threat to Colombian Security”, 01/26/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/476-police-bacrim-main-threat-for-colombian-security

[22] BBC, “Colombia’s criminal bands pose new security challenge”, 04/25/ 2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12804418

[23] Human Rights Watch, “Paramilitaries’ Heirs”, 02/03/2010, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/02/03/paramilitaries-heirs-0

[24] Reuters, “Election bloodshed mars Colombia’s improved image”, 10/ 13/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/13/colombia-violence-idUKN1E79C0Y420111013

[25] Colombia Reports, “Uribe loses big in Colombia’s local elections”, 10/31/2011, Accessed November 1, 2011, http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/20064-uribe-loses-big-in-colombias-local-elections.html

[26] Ibid

[27] The Brookings Institution, Discussion Panel; “Colombia’s Elections and Consolidation: Moving Beyond FARC and the Paramilitaries?”, October 21, 2011

[28] Pan American Post, “Semana: Colombia Intelligence Agents Trained Paramilitaries to Make Bombs”, 10/18/2011, accessed November 1, 2011. http://panamericanpost.blogspot.com/2011/10/semana-colombia-intelligence-agents.html

[29] The Washington Post, “Colombia president dissolves disgraced DAS domestic spy agency, shifts staff to other offices.” 10/31/2011. Accessed November 1, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/colombia-president-dissolves-disgraced-das-domestic-spy-agency-shifts-staff-to-other-offices/2011/10/31/gIQA3KNWaM_story.html

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A “Major Win” for Panamanian Corruption: Free Trade Agreement Destined to Benefit Tainted Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches

[1]               Elena Morales Gil. "‘Corrupción es cultural’: Eaton." La Prensa, May 25, 2008, accessed October 13, 2011, http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2008/05/25/hoy/panorama/1359679.html.

[2]               Zachary A. Goldfarb and Lori Montgomery. "Obama gets win as Congress passes free-trade agreements," The Washington Post (Washington, DC), October 12, 2011, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/obama-gets-win-as-congress-passes-free-trade-agreements/2011/10/12/gIQAGHeFgL_story.html

[3]               MSN Money. "Statement From President Ricardo Martinelli About Panama-U.S. Free Trade Agreement," MSN Money, October 3, 2011, accessed October 14, 2011, http://money.msn.com/business-news/article.aspx?feed=PR&Date=20111003&ID=14341734&topic=TOPIC_TRADE_POLICY&isub=1

[4]               "Cable Reference id: #09PANAMA701." Cable Gate Search. May 29, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=09PANAMA701

[5]               Carrie Burggraf. "The U.S. Whitewashes Panama's Fatal Flaws to Champion Their Free Trade Agreement," Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Washington, DC), August 25, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.coha.org/the-u-s-whitewashes-panama%E2%80%99s-fatal-flaws-to-champion-their-free-trade-agreement/; Alexander Brockwehl. "Panama's Unraveling Democracy: The Social Cost of Martinelli's Chorizo Law," Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Washington, DC), July 29, 2010, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.coha.org/panama%E2%80%99s-unraveling-democracy-the-social-cost-of-martinelli%E2%80%99s-chorizo-law/; Brendan Riley. "Free Trade with Martinelli's Panama: A Bad Deal for All," Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Washington, DC), August 23, 2010, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.coha.org/free-trade-with-martinelli%E2%80%99s-panama-a-bad-deal-for-all/; Eric Jackson. "The 'Chorizo Laws' and Pending Projects," The Panama News 16.7, July 3, 2010, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_07/economy_03.html; Eric Jackson. "Generalized Corruption Scandal," The Panama News 17.6, May 11, 2011, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_17/issue_06/news_18.html

[6]               Ginger Thompson and Scott Shane. "Cables Portray Expanded Reach of Drug Agency," The New York Times (New York), December 26, 2010, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/world/26wikidrugs.html?ref=ricardomartinelli

[7]               Alan McLean, Scott Shane, and Archie Tse. "A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches," The New York Times (New York), June 19, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/28/world/20101128-cables-viewer.html#report/drugs-09PANAMA639

[8]               Yasmina Reyes. "Martinelli reina en Panamá," La Prensa, June 5, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://especial.prensa.com/wikileaks/martinelli-reina-en-panama/

[9]               "Cable Reference id: #09PANAMA701." Cable Gate Search.

[10]             Lilly Briger and Maya Wilson. "Panama's Upcoming Elections Mired in Scandal and Corruption," Council on Hemispheric Affairs (Washington, DC) March 31, 2009, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.coha.org/panama%E2%80%99s-upcoming-elections-mired-in-scandal-and-corruption/

[11]                            Diómedes Sánchez and Edilsa González Roca. "Gobierno cesó a 4 mil arnulfistas: Fenasep," La Prensa September 26, 2011, accessed November 3, 2011, http://www.prensa.com/impreso/gobierno-ceso-4-mil-arnulfistas-fenasep/27712

[12]             Eric Jackson, email message to author, November 3, 2011.

[13]             Gustavo A. Aparicio O. "Reforma electoral, sin transparencia," La Prensa (Panama) September 8, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.prensa.com/impreso/reforma-electoral-sin-transparencia/23482; Eric Jackson, email message to author, November 2, 2011.

[14]             The Economist: Americas view. "With Friends Like These." The Economist - Americas View, September 14, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2011/09/panamanian-politics; Ian Bremmer. "'El Loco' strikes again." Foreign Policy - The Call (Washington, DC), September 9, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://eurasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/09/el_loco_strikes_again

[15]             Elida Moreno and Sean Mattson. "Asamblea Nacional de Panamá aprueba la segunda vuelta electoral," Reuters América Latina, September 3, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://lta.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idLTASIE7A7MX520110903

[16]             Newsroom Panama. "Martinelli made personal threats say deputies," Newsroom Panama, September 1, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.newsroompanama.com/panama/3291-martinelli-made-personal-threats-say-deputies.html; Delvis Eliecer Cerrud. "Oposición critica a Martinelli; voceros del gobierno defienden mentira," La Estrella, October 11, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/noticias/2011/10/11/oposicion_critica_a_martinelli;_voceros_del_gobierno_defienden_mentira.asp

[17]             Gustavo A. Aparicio O. Isidro Rodríguez. "Varela acusa que CD crece 'usando fondos de todos,'" La Prensa, September 29, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.prensa.com/impreso/varela-acusa-que-cd-crece-%C2%B4usando-fondos-de-todos%C2%B4/28427

[18]             ibid.

[19]             ibid.

[20]             Delvis Eliecer Cerrud, "Salto de diputado Cohen permite al CD lograr 'mayoría absoluta' en Asamblea," La Estrella, September 29, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/noticias/2011/09/29/salto_de_diputado_cohen_permite_al_cd_lograr_mayoria_absoluta_en_asamblea.asp

[21]             ibid.

[22]             AFP. "Martinelli anuncia referéndum para reformar el sistema electora en Panamá," La Nación, May 9, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, http://www.nacion.com/2011-09-05/Mundo/martinelli-anuncia-referendum-para-reformar-el-sistema-electoral-en-panama.aspx

[23]             ibid.

[24]             Eric Jackson. "If their word's no good people dislike them." The Panama News 17.11 October 26, 2011, accessed November 3, 2011, http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_17/issue_11/news_02.html

[25]             ibid.

[26]             Cortez, Zelideth. "Martinelli insiste con segunda vuelta." La Estrella November 8, 2011, accessed November 14, 2011, http://www.laestrella.com.pa/online/impreso/2011/11/08/martinelli_insiste_con_segunda_vuelta.asp

[27]             Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs. "Investment Climate Statements," last modified March, 2011, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/index.htm

[28]             Organization of American States. "GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF PANAMA," last modified July 22, 2011, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.oas.org/Juridico/mla/en/pan/en_pan-int-des-system.pdf .

[29]             Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs, "Investment Climate Statements."

[30]             WikiLeaks, "Cable 04PANAMA823: PANAMANIAN SUPREME COURT THROWS OUT CHARGES." Last modified August 30, 2011, accessed October 13, 2011, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2004/04/04PANAMA823.html

[31]             Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "A Legacy of Corruption Marches on: New Insight into Panama’s Infamous Lucom Case," Council on Hemispheric Affairs, last modified August 17, 2011, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.coha.org/a-legacy-of-corruption-marches-on-new-insight-into-panamas-infamous-lucom-case/

[32]             Marc Lacey. "Bequest to Panama's poor is blocked by donor's family," The New York Times, June 24, 2008, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/world/americas/24iht-panama.4.13957787.html?pagewanted=all

[33]             Daniel Mayoras and Andy Mayoras. "$150 Million Trust Fund Stolen From Poor Children In Panama, Lawsuit Claims," Forbes, October 3, 2011, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/trialandheirs/2011/10/03/150-million-trust-fund-stolen-from-poor-children-in-panama-lawsuit-claims/2/

[34]             United States International Trade Commission. "U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement: Potential Economy-wide and Selected Sectoral Effects," last modified September 2007, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.usitc.gov/publications/docs/pubs/2104f/pub3948.pdf

[35]             Office of the United States Trade Representative. "The United States-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement: Report of the Industry Trade Advisory Committee on Services and Finance Industries (ITAC 10)," last modified April 25, 2007, accessed October 13, 2011, http://ustraderep.gov/assets/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Panama_FTA/Reports/asset_upload_file130_11239.pdf

[36]             Morales Gil,"‘Corrupción es cultural’: Eaton." last modified May 28, 2008, accessed October 28, 2011, http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2008/05/25/hoy/panorama/1359679.html

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‘Business as Usual?’ – The United Kingdom’s Relationship with Latin America in 2011

[1] Smith, Richard. ‘Britain, Bolívar, and the independence of Latin America.’ Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Great Britain, Podcast: Itunes Mpeg 4 file, 00:30, http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/what-we-do/fco-websites/podcasts Released 25 May 2011, Accessed 27^th July 2011.  Ibid. 00:37.

[2] Ibid. 01:35.                                                                                                                          

[3] Hague, William. ‘The UK and Latin America: Old Friends, Future Partners.’, Speech at Canning House, 15 November 2010.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Cannon, Peter John. ‘Britain’s New Outreach to Latin America – An Analysis.’ Eurasia Review. July 6 2011. http://www.eurasiareview.com/06072011-britains-new-outreach-to-latin-america-analysis/

[7] Ibid.

[8] Smith, Richard. ‘Britain, Bolívar, and the independence of Latin America.’ Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Great Britain, Podcast: Itunes Mpeg 4 file, 00:55, http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/what-we-do/fco-websites/podcasts Released 25 May 2011, Accessed 27^th July 2011. ;
 Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. ‘British Trade with Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.’ University of London Institute of Latin American Studies. Occasional Papers No. 19. August 1998.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Garner, Paul. ‘British Lions and Mexican Eagles – Business, Politics, and Empire in the Career of Weetman Pearson in Mexico 1889-1919.’ Stanford University Press. Stanford. 2011. Pp. 61-62.

[11] For more on the clientelist business practices of Weetman Pearson in Mexico during the Diaz presidency see: Garner, Paul. British Lions and Mexican Eagles – Business, Politics, and Empire in the Career of Weetman Pearson in Mexico 1889-1919.’ Stanford University Press. Stanford. 2011.

[12] Smith, Richard. ‘Britain, Bolívar, and the independence of Latin America.’ Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Great Britain, Podcast: Itunes Mpeg 4 file, 13:10, http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/what-we-do/fco-websites/podcasts Released 25 May 2011, Accessed 27^th July 2011.

[13]‘Brazil-UK Trade and Economic Relations.’ Embassy of Brazil in London.http://www.brazil.org.uk/economy/braziluk.html

[14] Browne, Jeremy. In ‘Foreign Office Minister Jeremy Browne visits Mexico.’ Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Great Britain. http://ukiniran.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=PressR&id=173208682

[15] ‘Mexico, Britain Aim to Double Bilateral Trade by 2015.’ Latin American Herald Tribune. 29 March 2011. http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=14091&ArticleId=390470.

[16] Medina Mora, Eduardo in ‘Mexican Chamber of Commerce in Great Britain opens in London.’ British Embassy in Mexico City, Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Great Britain 24 June 2011. http://ukinmexico.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=PressR&id=621554382 .

[17] ‘New Era for UK-Brazil Relations.’ Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. 22 June 2011. http://www.dpm.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/new-era-uk-brazil-relations

[18] ‘Bilateral Trade 2011 (Jan-Aug)’ Brazilian Ministry of Development, Industry and Commerce. August 2011. http://www.brazil.org.uk/resources/documents/bilateraltrade2011.pdf

[19] The acceleration in investment from China in Latin America in the last few years is astonishing. Between 1990 and 2009, Foreign Direct Investment by China in Brail totalled USD 255 million. In 2010 alone, Foreign Direct Investment was approximately USD 9.5 billion. ‘Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean.’ United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America. 2010. http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/0/43290/Cover_summary_and_conclusions_IED_2011.pdf

[20] Cannon, Peter John. ‘Britain’s New Outreach to Latin America – An Analysis.’ Eurasia Review. July 6 2011. http://www.eurasiareview.com/06072011-britains-new-outreach-to-latin-america-analysis/

[21] ‘OECD.StatExtracts.’ Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=ODA_SECTOR

[22] ‘UK Arms Sales to the Middle East.’ The Guardian. February 22 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/feb/22/uk-arms-sales-middle-east-north-africa#

[23] Clegg, Nick. ‘An Axis of Openess: Renewing Multilaterlism for the 21^st Century.’ Speech at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City. 29 March 2011.

[24] ‘Reopening British Embassy in El Salvador.’ Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Great Britain. http://ukinguatemala.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=News&id=594973882

[25] ‘World Drug Report 2010.’ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2010. http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo-res.pdf

[26] ‘Record cocaine haul worth £300m seized.’ Press Association. The Guardian Online. 3 August 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/03/record-cocaine-haul-seized

[27] Clegg, Nick. ‘New politics at home, new partnerships abroad.' Speech at the Mexican Senate. 29 March 2011.

[28] Cannon, Peter John. ‘Britain’s New Outreach to Latin America – An Analysis.’ Eurasia Review. July 6 2011. http://www.eurasiareview.com/06072011-britains-new-outreach-to-latin-america-analysis/

[29] Bures, O. ‘EU Counter-terrorism Policy: A Paper Tiger?’ Terrorism and Political Violence. 18 (1) 2006.

[30] Rathbone, John Paul. ‘UK Backs Brazil bid for UN security council seat’. Financial Times. November 9 2010. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6718897e-ec1e-11df-9e11-00144feab49a,s01=2.html#axzz1bL33FmOg ;
‘Brazil rebuffs US pressure for Iran sanctions’ British Broadcasting Corporation. March 3 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8547150.stm 

[31] ‘Defence Minister signs cooperation treaty with Brazil.’ Defence Policy and Business. Ministry of Defence. 17 September 2010. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/DefenceMinisterSignsCooperationTreatyWithBrazil.htm

[32] ‘Falklands’ sovereignty “is not negotiable. Period”, says British PM Cameron’. Mercosur Press. 15 June 2011. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/06/15/falklands-sovereignty-is-not-negotiable.-period-says-british-pm-cameron

[33] Yapp, Robin. ‘Cristina Kirchner’s Falklands rhetoric a strong election winner.’ The Telegraph. 17 June 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/8582824/Cristina-Kirchners-Falklands-rhetoric-a-strong-election-winner.html 

[34] Yapp, Robin. ‘David Cameron “bordering on stupidity” over Falkland Islands, says Argentina president Cristina Kirchner. The Telegraph. 22 June 2011 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/8592033/Cristina-Kirchner-to-seek-second-term-as-Argentinian-president.html

[35] Bowers, Simon. ‘Falkland Islands oil drilling begins.’ The Guardian. 22 February 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/feb/22/falkland-islands-oil-drilling-begins

[36] ‘Rockhopper optimism on Falklands oil development’ British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14925620

[37] Yapp, Robin. ‘Royal Navy’s Falklands ship turned away by Brazil.’ The Telegraph. 10 January 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/falklandislands/8251130/Royal-Navys-Falklands-ship-turned-away-by-Brazil.html

[38] ‘Uruguay bans docking permit to Royal Navy vessel heading for the Falklands.’ Mercosur Press. 21 September 2010. http://en.mercopress.com/2010/09/21/uruguay-bans-docking-permit-to-royal-navy-vessel-heading-for-the-falklands

[39] ‘Brazil reiterates Falklands-flagged vessels will be banned from entering its ports.’ Mercosur Press. 1 August 2011. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/01/brazil-reiterates-falklands-flagged-vessels-will-be-banned-from-entering-its-ports

[40] McDermott, Jeremy. ‘Chavez rails against Blair on Falklands.’ The Telegraph. 11 February 2006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/venezuela/1510231/Chavez-rails-against-Blair-on-Falklands.html

[41] Laver, Roberto C. ‘The Falklands/Malvinas Case – Breaking the Deadlock in the Anglo-Argentine Sovereignty Dispute.’ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. The Netherlands. 2001. Chapter 5.

[42] Morrison, Sarah. ‘Caramba! Latin America takes a hold on London.’ The Independent. May 19 2011 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/caramba-latin-america-takes-a-hold-on-london-2286152.html

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