Neo-Paramilitary Gangs Ratchet Up Their Threat to Colombian Civil Society and the Long Term Survival of Civic Rectitude in the Public Arena

[1] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[2] Peter Burbidge, “Justice and Peace?—The role of Law in Resolving Colombia’s Civil Conflict,” International Criminal Law Review 8 (2008) 557-87. Accessed October 18, 2011. Doi: 10.1163/157181208X308556.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[6] Peter Burbidge, “Justice and Peace?—The role of Law in Resolving Colombia’s Civil Conflict,” International Criminal Law Review 8 (2008) 557-87. Accessed October 18, 2011. Doi: 10.1163/157181208X308556.

[7] Human Rights Watch, “Colombia: Letting Paramilitaries Off The Hook.” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/americas/colombia0105/colombia0105.pdf

[8] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[9] Ibid.

[10] International Federation for Human Rights, “Paramilitary Demobilization in Colombia: On the road to the International Criminal Court.” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.fidh.org/Paramilitary-Demobilization-in-Colombia-On-the

[11] Amnesty International. “Colombia. The Paramilitaries in Medellin: Demobilization or Legalization?” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4395525e4.html

[12] Peter Burbidge, “Justice and Peace?—The role of Law in Resolving Colombia’s Civil Conflict,” International Criminal Law Review 8 (2008) 557-87. Accessed October 18, 2011. Doi: 10.1163/157181208X308556.

[13] International Federation for Human Rights, “Paramilitary Demobilization in Colombia: On the road to the International Criminal Court.” Accessed October 18, 2011. http://www.fidh.org/Paramilitary-Demobilization-in-Colombia-On-the

[14] Ibid.

[15] Council on Foreign Relations, Colombia’s Right-Wings Paramilitaries and Splinter Groups, 01/11/2008, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.cfr.org/colombia/colombias-right-wing-paramilitaries-splinter-groups/p15239#p5

[16] Human Rights Watch, “Paramilitaries’ Heirs”, 02/03/2010, accessed October 13, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/node/88058/section/8

[17] Colombia Reports, “Colombia in denial about errors in paramilitary demobilization”, 02/05/2010, accessed October 18, 2011, http://colombiareports.com/opinion/the-colombiamerican/8058-colombia-in-denial-about-errors-made-with-paramilitary-demobilization.html

[18] El Nuevo Siglo, “Bacrim, un enimigo derrotable”, 10/02/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.elnuevosiglo.com.co/articulos/10-2011-bacrim-un-enemigo-derrotable.html

[19] Fox News Latino, “Paramilitary Gangs Contribute to Surge in Violence in Colombia”, 06/14/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/07/14/paramilitary-gangs-or-bacrims-in-colombia-contribute-to-surge-in-violence/

[20] Los Angeles Times, “In Colombia, killings persist after the fighting is over”, 09/16/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/16/world/la-fg-colombia-killings-20110917

[21] In Sight, “Police: Bacrims main threat to Colombian Security”, 01/26/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/476-police-bacrim-main-threat-for-colombian-security

[22] BBC, “Colombia’s criminal bands pose new security challenge”, 04/25/ 2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12804418

[23] Human Rights Watch, “Paramilitaries’ Heirs”, 02/03/2010, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/02/03/paramilitaries-heirs-0

[24] Reuters, “Election bloodshed mars Colombia’s improved image”, 10/ 13/2011, accessed October 18, 2011, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/13/colombia-violence-idUKN1E79C0Y420111013

[25] Colombia Reports, “Uribe loses big in Colombia’s local elections”, 10/31/2011, Accessed November 1, 2011, http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/20064-uribe-loses-big-in-colombias-local-elections.html

[26] Ibid

[27] The Brookings Institution, Discussion Panel; “Colombia’s Elections and Consolidation: Moving Beyond FARC and the Paramilitaries?”, October 21, 2011

[28] Pan American Post, “Semana: Colombia Intelligence Agents Trained Paramilitaries to Make Bombs”, 10/18/2011, accessed November 1, 2011. http://panamericanpost.blogspot.com/2011/10/semana-colombia-intelligence-agents.html

[29] The Washington Post, “Colombia president dissolves disgraced DAS domestic spy agency, shifts staff to other offices.” 10/31/2011. Accessed November 1, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/colombia-president-dissolves-disgraced-das-domestic-spy-agency-shifts-staff-to-other-offices/2011/10/31/gIQA3KNWaM_story.html

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