Monday, November 28, 2011

The "Enforcers": MINUSTAH and the Culture of Violence in Port-au-Prince

[1] Randal C. Archibold, "Haiti Leader Is Opposed to Reduction of U.N. Force," The New York Times (New York), September 22, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/world/martelly-opposes-reducing-un-force-in-haiti.html?_r=1.
[2] Mark Schuller, email message to author, September 22, 2011.
[3] Bernd Pulch, "Secret."
[4] Matheson, "Statement of Professor Michael J. Matheson."
[6] ibid.
[7] Ansel Herz. "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Earthquake Cables," The Nation (New York), June 15, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/161459/wikileaks-haiti-earthquake-cables; http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=10STATE5001
[8] Haiti Libre, Arnaud Robert, and Le Temps. "Haiti - Social: The causes of the failure of the international community in Haiti," Haiti Libre, December 29, 2010, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-1963-haiti-social-the-causes-of-the-failure-of-the-international-community-in-haiti.html.
[9] Herz, "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Earthquake Cables."
[10] Schuller, email message.
[11] Deepa Panchang. "Haiti: Contesting the UN Occupation," NACLA Report on the Americas 43.6 (New York, 2010): 5-7, accessed September 26, 2011.
[12] Tom Brown. "Haiti aid effort marred by slow U.N. response," Reuters, February 26, 2010, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/26/us-quake-haiti-relief-idUSTRE61P03N20100226
[13] Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights and Centro de Justiça Global. "Keeping the Peace in Haiti? An Assesment of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Using Compliance with its Prescribed Mandate as a Barometer for Success," March, 2005, accessed October 24, 2011, Harvard Law School Human Rights Program (Cambridge, MA), http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp/documents/haitireport.pdf: 1.
[14] Athena R. Kolbe and Royce A. Hutson, "Human rights abuse and other criminal violations in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: a random survey of households," The Lancet 368.9538 (2006): 864-73.
[15] ibid.
[16] Coughlin and Ives, "WikiLeaks Haiti: Country's Elite."
[17] Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights and Centro de Justiça Global. "Keeping the Peace in Haiti?," 1; Fenton, Anthony, and Dru Oja Jay. "Declassifying Canada in Haiti: Part I," Global Policy Forum (New York), April 7, 2006, accessed September 29, 2011, http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/186/34468.html.
[18] For more information and background, please see Courtney Frantz. "Leta Restavek: The Suppression of Democracy in Haiti." Council on Hemispheric Affairs, October 17, 2011, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.coha.org/leta-restavek-the-suppression-of-democracy-in-haiti/
[19] Bernd Pulch, "Secret: Why We Need Continuing MINUSTAH Presence in Haiti," Bernd Pulch, published August 22, 2011; accessed September 22, 2011, http://berndpulch.org/2011/08/22/secret-why-we-need-continuing-minustah-presence-in-haiti/.
[20] Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights and Centro de Justiça Global. "Keeping the Peace in Haiti?," 1.
[21] Coughlin and Ives, "WikiLeaks Haiti: Country's Elite."
[22] ibid.
[23] ibid.
[25] ibid.
[26] Andrew Buncombe. "UN admits civilians may have died in Haiti peacekeeping raid," The Independent (London), July 15, 2008, accessed September 28, 2011, "http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/un-admits-civilians-may-have-died-in-haiti-peacekeeping-raid-522317.html
[27] Coughlin and Ives, "WikiLeaks Haiti: Country's Elite." According to the author, this "cable [was] obtained by Professor Keith Yearman of the College of DuPage through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request."
[29] Mark Weisbrot. "Is this Minustah's 'Abu Ghraib moment' in Haiti?" The Guardian (London), September 3, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/sep/03/minustah-un-haiti-abuse
[31] Kim Ives and Ansel Herz. "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files," The Nation (New York), August 5, 2011, accessed September 26, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/162598/wikileaks-haiti-aristide-files
[32] Naomi Klein. "My date with Aristide," Now Magazine 24.47 (Toronto), July 21, 2005, accessed Spetember 29, 2011, http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=148513&archive=24,47,2005.
[33] Ives and Herz, "WikiLeaks Haiti: The Aristide Files."
[34] Greg Grandin and Keane Bhatt, "10 Reasons Why the UN Occupation of Haiti Must End," The Nation (New York), September 26, 2011, accessed September 29, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/163632/10-reasons-why-un-occupation-haiti-must-end.
[36] Ansel Herz; "The Death of Gérard Jean-Gilles: How the UN Stonewalled Haitian Justice," Haiti Liberté 5.10, September 21-27, 2011, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.haiti-liberte.com/archives/volume5-10/The%20Death.asp, quoted in Grandin and Bhatt, "10 Reasons."
[37] Grandin and Bhatt, "10 Reasons."
[38] Archibold, "Haiti Leader."
[39] Grandin and Bhatt, "10 Reasons;"Bri Kouri Nouvèl Gaye, Mennonite Central Committee Haiti, Let Haiti Live, and UnityAyiti, "Haiti'S Renewal of MINUSTAH's Mandate in Violation of the Human Rights of the Haitian People," Republic of Haiti: Submission to the United Nations Universal Periodic Review: Twelfth Session of the Working Group on the UPR, Human Rights Council, October 3 - October 13, 2011, accessed October 24, 2011, http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Final_MINUSTAH_English.pdf
[40] Frantz, "Leta Restavek;" Democracy Now! "Haitians Barracading."
[41] Hannah Arendt. The Life of the Mind (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc., 1978), 180.

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