Michael Reaney: Peru's Less-Than-Benign Environmental Policy

1. Roberto Cortijo, “New species abound in Peru, but so do threats,” physorg.com, December 28, 2010, http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-species-abound-peru-threats.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

2. Roberto Cortijo, “New species abound in Peru, but so do threats,” Physorg.com, December 28, 2010, http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-species-abound-peru-threats.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

3. Roberto Cortijo, “New species abound in Peru, but so do threats,” Physorg.com, December 28, 2010, http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-species-abound-peru-threats.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

4. “Under Siege: Oil and Gas Concessions cover 41 Percent of the Peruvian Amazon,” Mongbay.com, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20peru.htm (accessed March 29, 2011).

5. “Peru,” Mongbay.com, February 6, 2006, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20peru.htm (accessed January 28, 2011).

6. “95% of mahogany from Peru is illegally logged says scientist,” Mongabay.com, October 6,2005, http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1006-peru.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

7. “95% of mahogany from Peru is illegally logged says scientist,” mongabay.com, October 6,2005, http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1006-peru.html (accessed January 27, 2011).

8. Pervaze A. Sheikh, Congressional Research Service on Illegal Logging: Background and Issues, Order Code:RL33932. http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL33932.pdf (accessed January 27, 2011).

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11. United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, September 13, 2007, http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/drip.html.

12. “Declaration about the Consultation Process in Peru around the Forestry Law,” December 13, 2010, http://amazonwatch.org/news/2010/1213-declaration-about-the-consultation-process-in-peru-around-the-forestry-law (accessed February 8, 2011).

13. “Declaration about the Consultation Process in Peru around the Forestry Law,” December 13, 2010, http://amazonwatch.org/news/2010/1213-declaration-about-the-consultation-process-in-peru-around-the-forestry-law (accessed February 8, 2011).

14. “International: “Consultation process concerning the Forestry Act in Peru is questioned,” Servicios en Comunicacion Intercultural Servindi, December 14, 2010, http://www.servindi.org/actualidad/37234 (accessed February 8, 2011).

15. Office of the United States Trade Representative, Peru trade Promotion Agreement, April 12, 2006, http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa/final-text (accessed January 28,2011).

16. “Raw Deal for Animals and the Environment: Statement in Opposition to the Revised Peru Free Trade Agreement,” http://freetradekillsanimals.org/?page=PeruPanamaLetter (accessed April 8, 2011).

17. Travis McArthur and Todd Tucker, “A year after Implementation of Peru Free Trade Agreement, U.S. and Peru Left with Broken Promises and No New Trade Model,” Public Citizen, February 1, 2010, http://www.citizen.org/documents/PeruFTA-OneYear.pdf (accessed February 9, 2011).

18. Erik Wasson, “New Peru FTA Decrees Anger Civil Society Over Labor, Environment,” Inside U.S. Trade, July 4,2008.

19. Travis McArthur and Todd Tucker, “A year after Implementation of Peru Free Trade Agreement, U.S. and Peru Left with Broken Promises and No New Trade Model,” Public Citizen, February 1, 2010, http://www.citizen.org/documents/PeruFTA-OneYear.pdf (accessed February 9, 2011).

20. “Peruvian Police Accused of Massacring Indegenous Protestors in Amazon Jungle” Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report, June 08, 2008, http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/8/peruvian_police_accused_of_massacring_indigenous. (accessed January 28, 2011).

21. Carlos A. Quiroz, “Alan García Must Resign: criminal poised to continue indigenous slaughter and disintegrate Peru,” Intercontinental Cry, June 8, 2009, http://intercontinentalcry.org/democracy-now-reports-on-bagua-massacre/ (accessed January 28, 2011)

22. “Peruvian Police Accused of Massacring Indegenous Protestors in Amazon Jungle” Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report, June 08, 2008,

23. “Uncontacted Tribes: the threats,” Survival International, http://www.uncontactedtribes.org/articles/3106-uncontacted-tribes-the-threats (accessed February 3, 2011).

24. “Under Siege: Oil and Gas Concessions cover 41 Percent of the Peruvian Amazon,” Mongbay.com, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20peru.htm (accessed March 29, 2011).

25. Kevany, Sophie. “Peru Government Suspends All Work on Key Southern Copper Mine Study,” Dow Jones, April 6, 2011, http://www.automatedtrader.net/real-time-dow-jones/55561/peru-government-suspends-all-work-on-key-southern-copper-mine-study.

26. “Recession Proof,” The Economist, May 5, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/13244897 (accessed February 8, 2011).

27. University of Gothenburg: School Of Buisness, Economics, and Law, “Environmental and Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean-Policy Brief,” 3rd Draft May 12, 2009, http://www.hgu.gu.se/Files/nationalekonomi/EEU/Helpdesk/EnvPolicyBrief/2009/LAC%20Environment%20and%20Climate%20Change%20Policy%20Brief%20090512.pdf, 17-18 (accessed February 1, 2011).

28. University of Gothenburg: School Of Buisness, Economics, and Law, “Environmental and Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean-Policy Brief,” 3rd Draft May 12, 2009, http://www.hgu.gu.se/Files/nationalekonomi/EEU/Helpdesk/EnvPolicyBrief/2009/LAC%20Environment%20and%20Climate%20Change%20Policy%20Brief%20090512.pdf, 18 (accessed February 1, 2011).

29. Grudgings, Stuart. "Amazon Drought Caused Huge Carbon Emissions," PlantetArk.org, February 4, 2011, http://www.nbhub.org/hubfile /pdf/News%20Monitoring%20-%20February_2011.pdf (accessed April 7, 2011).

30. Nick Sundt, “Another Extreme Drought hits the Amazon, Raising Climate Change Concerns,” Cimate Progress, November 26, 2010, http://climateprogress.org/2010/ /26/another-extreme-drought-hits-the-amazon-raising-climate-change-concerns/ (accessed February 10, 2011).

31. Erik German and Solana Pyne, “Rivers Run Dry as Drought Hits Amazon,” GlobalPost, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/brazil/101102/amazon-drought-climate-change?page=0,1 (accessed February 10, 2011).

32. Rhett A. Butler, “Atmospheric Role of Forests,”Mongabay.com: A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face, January 9 2006, http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0907.htm (accessed January 31, 2011).

33. David Braun, “Amazon Deforestation Slows as Brazil Tightens Prevention,” National Geographic, November 13, 2009, http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2009/11/amazon-deforestation-slows.html (acessed January 31, 2011).

34. “Brazil: Amazon Deforestation Falls to New Low,” BBC.co.uk, December 1, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11888875 (accessed January 31, 2011).

35. David Braun, “Amazon Deforestation Slows as Brazil Tightens Prevention,” National Geographic, November 13, 2009, http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2009/11/amazon-deforestation-slows.html (acessed January 31, 2011).

36. "Outrage as Construction of Belo Monte Dam Illegally Approved,” Survival International: The Movement for Tribal Peoples, February 2, 2011, http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/6954 (accessed February 2, 2011).

37. AIDESEP to Antonio Brack Egg, Lima, September, 9,2010, Opinion of the second draft of the Readiness Proposal (RPP) of Peru for the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Pres. Segundo Alberto Pizango Chota , http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/12/aideseprppletterministryenvironmentsept2010tgengw.pdf (accessed January 31, 2011).

38. AIDESEP to Antonio Brack Egg, Lima, September, 9,2010, Opinion of the second draft of the Readiness Proposal (RPP) of Peru for the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Pres. Segundo Alberto Pizango Chota , http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/ /aideseprppletterministryenvironmentsept2010tgengw.pdf (accessed January 31, 2011).

39. Rainner W. Bussmann & Douglas Sharon, “Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture, November 7, 2006, http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/47 (accessed February 8).

40. “García Cuts Taxes to Boost Popularity,” Latin News, February 10, 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22577.asp?instance=0 (accessed February 10, 2011).

41. “García Cuts Taxes to Boost Popularity,” Latin News, February 10, 2011, http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22577.asp?instance=0 (accessed February 10, 2011).

42. “Peru Approves 33 Projects Without Environmental Assessments,” Living in Peru, February 7, 2011, http://www.livinginperu.com/news-14041-environmentnature-peru-approves-33-projects-without-environmental-assessments (accessed February 10, 2011).

Zoë Amerigian: Radio and TV Martí Should Be Prime Target for Budget Cutters

1. Broadcasting Board of Governors, “Annual Reports” 2000-2009. http://www.bbg.gov/reports/annual-reports/

2. CNN Wire Staff. “House votes to stop NPR funding.” 17 Mar 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/17/house.of.reps.npr.funding/index.html

3. Government Accountability Office. “Broadcasting in Cuba: Actions are Needed to Improve Strategy and Operations.” Jan 2009. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09127.pdf

4. Ibid.

5. Committee on Foreign Relations. “Cuba: Immediate Action is Needed to Ensure the Survivability of Radio and TV Martí” April 2010. http://foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/56157.pdf

6. Ibid.

7. Voice of America. “About Us.” http://www.voanews.com/english/about-us/

8. Government Accountability Office. “Broadcasting in Cuba: Actions are Needed to Improve Strategy and Operations.” Jan 2009. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09127.pdf

9. Ibid; Committee on Foreign Relations. “Cuba: Immediate Action is Needed to Ensure the Survivability of Radio and TV Martí” April 2010. http://foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/56157.pdf

10. Committee on Foreign Relations. “Cuba: Immediate Action is Needed to Ensure the Survivability of Radio and TV Martí” April 2010. http://foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/56157.pdf

11. Müller, Alberto. Noticias Martí. “Sondeo de Veritas muestra cómo los cubanos ven al partido comunisto.” http://www.martinoticias.com/noticias/Grupo--118505414.html

12. Government Accountability Office. “Broadcasting in Cuba: Actions are Needed to Improve Strategy and Operations.” Jan 2009. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09127.pdf

13. Ibid

Mike Reaney: Peru Set to Deliver a Massive Repudiation of the García Presidency

1. Carla salazar, “Toledo Favored to Repeat as Peru's President”, March 23, 2011, http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-03-23/world/29180894_1_ollanta-humala-alejandro-toledo-keiko-fujimori/2 (accessed March 30, 2011).

2. Chávez, Enrique. “Toledo Runs Again: An Interview with Peru's Ex-President,” November 16, 2010, http://www.livinginperu.com/features-1767-politics-toledo-runs-again-an-interview-with-perus-ex-president (accessed March 30, 2011)

3. Indacochea, Carlos, McClintock, Cynthia, Youngers, Coletta. “Peru’s 2011 Elections: Perspectives on the Campaign and Prospects For the First Round.” Latin American and Hemispheric Studies Program, Washington, D.C. March 29, 2011.

4. Otis, John. 'Peru: The Return of Fujimori,” GlobalPost, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/110307/alberto-fujimori-keiko-peru-election (accessed March 29, 2011).

5. Indacochea, Carlos, McClintock, Cynthia, Youngers, Coletta. “Peru’s 2011 Elections: Perspectives on the Campaign and Prospects For the First Round.” Latin American and Hemispheric Studies Program, Washington, D.C. March 29, 2011.

6. Indacochea, Carlos, McClintock, Cynthia, Youngers, Coletta. “Peru’s 2011 Elections: Perspectives on the Campaign and Prospects For the First Round.” Latin American and Hemispheric Studies Program, Washington, D.C. March 29, 2011.

7. Riveros-Cayo, Jorge. “Polls: Humala and PPK Surge; Casańeda Falls,” March 21, 2011, www.http:livinginperu.com/news. (accessed March 30, 2011).

Robert Cavooris: Obama’s Final Stopover: Ignoring CAFTA Protests in San Salvador

1. Rowland, Kara. "Obama Vows Salvadoran Aid, Immigration Reform." Washington Times. 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. .

2. "About ICSID." International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. World Bank. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. .

3. "El Dorado, El Salvador." Pacific Rim Mining Corp. Pacific Rim Mining Corp. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. .

4. Notice of Arbitration: Pac Rim Cayman LLC. v. Republic of El Salvador, Art. 1, sec. 2..

5.Agencia ACAN-EFE. "Saca No Permitirá Extracción Minera Hasta Tener Diagnóstico." Radio La Primerísima. 15 July 2008. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.

6.Agencia EFE. “Saca se opone a explotación minera y confia en ganar posible arbitraje.” Conflictos Mineros. 3 March 2009. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.

7. Gutiérrez, Raúl. "Gold Mining 'Is a Huge Rip-Off' - Environmentalists." IPS Inter Press Service. 8 Dec. 2008. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. .

8. Montecinos, Iván C. "Minería Verde: Un Proyecto De Muerte." DiarioCoLatino.com. 10 July 2008. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. .

9. Gutiérrez, Raúl.

10.Gutiérrez, Raúl

11. Notice of Arbitration: Pac Rim Cayman LLC. v. Republic of El Salvador Art. I. sec. 9-10.

12. Notice of Arbitration: Pac Rim Cayman LLC. v. Republic of El Salvador, Art VIII. sec. 123.

13. Kay, Adam A. "El Salvador Raises Preliminary Objections to Jurisdiction of ICSID Tribunal in CAFTA Mining Claim." Investment Arbitration Reporter. 17 Jan. 2010. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. .

14. Witness Statement of Thomas C. Shrake. sec. 13.

15. 2007 Annual Report. Pacific Rim Mining Corp. 12.

16. Qtd in Wang, Vivian H.W. “Investor Protection or Environmental Protection? ‘Green’ Development under CAFTA.” Colombia Journal of Environmental Law 32.209. 2007. Accessed through LexisNexis Academic. 21 Mar. 2011.

17. Application for Permission to Proceed as Amici Curae: Center for International Environmental Law. 2011.

18. Letter to President Obama on the Occasion of his trip to El Salvador. Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador.

Gonzalo Turdera: Chevron Refutes an Old Inheritance

1. Ecuador Judge Orders Chevron to Pay $9 Billion. February 14, 2011, March 22, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/world/americas/15ecuador.html

2. Chevron press release, February 14, 2011, February 20th 2011, http://www.chevron.com/chevron/pressreleases/article/02142011_illegitimatejudgmentagainstchevroninecuadorlawsuit.news

3. Mercedes Alvaro, Ecuadorian Plaintiffs in Chevron Case appeal, FOXBusiness, February 17th 2011, march 3rd 2011, http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2011/02/17/ecuadorean-plaintiffs-chevron-case-appeal-court-ruling/

4. Tim Padgett & Stephan Küffner, Chevron v. Ecuador: will plaintiffs get paid?, New York Times, February 22nd 2011, February 22nd 2011, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053075,00.html

5. Ecuadorian Farce, Published Monday April 7, 2008.Latinbuisnesschronical.com,March 22, 2011.

6. Frente de Defenza de Amazonia, Trial History Fact, July 20th 2008, February 20th, http://www.texacotoxico.org/

7. “60 minutes”, NBC 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKOS0Fwk4LU&feature=player_embedded

8. Chevron Toxico, “Historic trial: $27 Billion Damages Assessment, February 23rd 2011, http://chevrontoxico.com/about/historic-trial/27-billion-damages-assessment.html

9. Tim Padgett & Stephan Küffner, Chevron v. Ecuador: will plaintiffs get paid?, New York Times, February 22nd 2011, February 22nd 2011, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053075,00.html

Augustus Urschel: Building Momentum but Problems Remain for the Colombia: U.S. Free Trade Agreement

1. Alsema, Adriann. "Obama offers no timetable for Colombia FTA in State of the Union." Colombia Reports. January 25, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/13929-obama-offers-no-timetable-for-colombia-fta-in-state-of-the-union.html.

2. LatinNews. "Colombia & Panama FTAs on the agenda." Latinnews Daily. February 10, 2011. http://www.latinnews.com/ldb/LDB22577.asp?instance=4.

3. Schneider, Howard. "GOP presses Obama on Panama, Colombia trade pacts." The Washington Post. February 9, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/09/AR2011020907666.html.

4. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 2011: Colombia." January 2011. http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/world-report-2011-colombia.

5. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 2011: Colombia." January 2011. http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/world-report-2011-colombia.

6. Fletcher, Pascal. "U.S. aims Latam trade accords to Congress by mid-year." Reuters. February 14, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/15/us-usa-trade-latam-idUSTRE71E0CT20110215.

7. Heyden, Tom. "US delegation will visit Colombia to analyze FTA." Colombia Reports. February 14, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/14354-us-delegation-will-visit-colombia-to-analyze-fta.html.

8. Needham, Vicki. "Senate still deadlocked over proceeding on extending trade programs." The Hill. February 17, 2011. http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/144841-senate-still-deadlocked-over-proceeding-on-extending-trade-programs.

9. Needham, Vicki. "Senate still deadlocked over proceeding on extending trade programs." The Hill. February 17, 2011. http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/144841-senate-still-deadlocked-over-proceeding-on-extending-trade-programs.

10. Heyden, Tom. "US delegation will visit Colombia to analyze FTA." Colombia Reports. February 14, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/14354-us-delegation-will-visit-colombia-to-analyze-fta.html.

11. Heyden, Tom. "US delegation will visit Colombia to analyze FTA." Colombia Reports. February 14, 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/14354-us-delegation-will-visit-colombia-to-analyze-fta.html.

12. Murphy, Helen. "Panama, Colombia Trade Deal Delays Cost U.S. Jobs, Lugar Says." Bloomberg Businessweek. February 8, 2011. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-08/panama-colombia-trade-deal-delays-cost-u-s-jobs-lugar-says.html.

13. The Ttalk. "The stalled FTA, A Colombian View." September 18, 2008. http://www.ttalk.biz/TTQ_20080918.htm.

Shantel Beach: The Race for Arctic Sovereignty Part I

1. Levon Sevunts, “As Arctic Ice Melts, Canada Reasserts Sovereignty Over Its ‘Northwest Passage’,” World & I 20:1 (2005): 15.

2. Rob Huebert, “United States Arctic Policy: The Reluctant Arctic Power,” University of Calgary School of Public Policy Briefing Papers 2:2 (2009): 8.

3. Secretary of State for External Affairs Joe Clark, “Canada: Statement Concerning Arctic Sovereignty,” Reproduced from Statement 85/49 in the House of Commons, International Legal Materials 24:6 (1985):1724-1725.

4. Donald McRae, “Arctic sovereignty: What’s at stake?” Behind the Headlines 64:1 (2007): 7.

5. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/canadasoceans-oceansducanada/marinezones-zonesmarines-eng.htm

6. McRae, “Arctic sovereignty,” 4.

7. Richard D. Parker and Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi, “Emerging legal concerns in the Arctic sovereignty, navigation and land claim disputes,” Polar Record 46:239 (2010): 338.

8. McRae, “Arctic sovereignty,” 9.

9. Ibid, 7.

10. Sevunts, “As the Arctic,”15.

11. Rob Huebert, “The shipping news part II: How Canada’s Arctic sovereignty is on thinning ice,” International Journal 58:3 (2003): 295-308.

12. David Akin, “Stephen Harper flexes military, political muscle on Arctic visit,” Canwest News Service, 18 August 2009, www.canada.com/.

13. Akin, “Stephen Harper flexes military.”

14. Hannes Gerhardt et al., “Contested Sovereignty in a Changing Arctic,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100:4 (2010): 994.

15. Huebert, “The shipping,” 305.

16. Franklyn Griffiths, “The shipping news: Canada’s Arctic sovereignty not on thinning ice,” International Journal 58:2 (2003): 274.

17. Huebert, “United States Arctic Policy,” 8.

18. Huebert, “The shipping news,” 297.

19. Sevunts, “As the Arctic,” 15.

20. Parker, “Emerging legal concerns,” 344.

Keven Dickey, Kelsey Strain and Elcin Chang: Obama's Long Overdue Relationship with Latin America

1. Office of the Press Secretary. The United States and the 2009 Summit of the Americas: Securing our citizens’ future. The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/The-United-States-and-the-2009-Summit-of-the-Americas-Securing-Our-Citizens-Future/ (Accessed March 7, 2011).

2. Griswold, Daniel. 2009. The US embargo of Cuba is a failure. The Guardian Weekly, June 15, World News section. Online edition. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jun/15/cuba-us-trade-embargo-obama (accessed March 7, 2011)

3. Ruiz-Goiriena, Romina. 2009. Could the U.S.-Cuba travel ban end soon. Time Inc., November 4, World section. Online edition. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1934416,00.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

4. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States support for Colombia: Plan Colombia. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/www/regions/wha/colombia/fs_000328_plancolombia.html (accessed March 7, 2011).

5. Walser, Ray. 2010. Colombia and Obama’s Latin America policy: Time to close ranks and support a friend. The Heritage Foundation, no. 2439, pp. 13. http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2010/pdf/bg2439.pdf (accessed March 7, 2011).

6. Cambio. Los enviados del Pentágono. CEET. http://www.cambio.com.co/portadacambio/835/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR_CAMBIO-5569679.html (accessed March 7, 2011).

7. Caroll, Rory and Ewen McAskill. Outcry in South America over US military base pact. The Guardian Weekly. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/27/anger-america-colombia-bases-deal (accessed March 7, 2011).

8. Latin American Andean Group Report. 2011. Colombia: FARC promise a military escalation in 2011. Latin American Newsletters, no. 1. http://www.latinnews.com/lra/LRA22528.asp?instance=6 (accessed March 7, 2011)

9. Obama, Barack. Renewing U.S. leadership in the Americas. Organizing for America. http://www.barackobama.com/2008/05/23/remarks_of_senator_barack_obam_68.php (accessed March 7, 2011)

10. Calderón, Felipe Hinojosa. II: Las causas del problema. Presidencia de la Republica, Mexico. http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/prensa/lucha_seguridad_publica/causas.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

11. The World Factbook. Colombia. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

12. Isacson, Adam. International counternarcotics policies: Do they reduce domestic consumption or advance other foreign policy goals? Domestic Policy Subcommittee. Oversight and Government Reform Committee. http://www.justf.org/files/primarydocs/100716_isacson_testimony.pdf (accessed March 7, 2011)

13. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UNODC homicide statistics. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.html (accessed March 7, 2011)

14. Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, César Gaviria and Ernesto Zedillo. Drogas y Democracia: hacia un cambio de paradigma. a Comisión Latinoamericana sobre Drogas y Democracia. http://www.drogasedemocracia.org/Arquivos/livro_espanhol_04.pdf (accessed March 8, 2011).

15. Kerlikowske, Gil. Remarks by White House Drug Policy Director, Gil Kerlikowske. Embassy of Colombia. http://colombiaemb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1040&Itemid=172 (accessed March 8, 2011).

16. Hansen, David J. Drug Abuse Resistance Education: The Effectiveness of DARE. D. J. Hansen.http://www.alcoholfacts.org/DARE.html (accessed March 8, 2011).

17. Feingold, Russell, Christopher Dodd and Patrick Leahy. Letter to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. January 21, 2010. http://justf.org/files/primarydocs/100121sena.pdf (accessed March 8, 2011)

18. Associated Press. US envoy called Honduran prez rebellious teen. Fox News, December 11, 2010. World section. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/11/envoy-said-honduran-president-crime-ties/ (accessed March 9, 2011)

19. Padgett, Tim. Honduras Quagmire: An interview with Zelaya. Time Inc., September 26, 2009. World section. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926383,00.html (accessed March 9, 2011)

20. BBC News. Brazil urges action on Honduras. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8271309.stm (accessed March 9, 2011)

21. Casas-Zamora, Kevin. No victory for Democrazy in Honduras. The Brookings
Institution, December 1, 2009. http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/1201_honduras_casaszamora.aspx (accessed March 9, 2011)

Megan McAdams: Bloodshed in Guatemala as Cartels and Street Gangs Wage War

1. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/18/2074464/guatemala-ends-siege-in-drug-plagued.html

2. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE6BP1J820101226

3. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/21/AR2010122100366.html, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2010/12/21/guatemala-drugs-zetas-state-seige

4. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE6BP1J820101226

5. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/21/AR2010122100366.html

6. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70H5KT20110119

7. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/18/2074464/guatemala-ends-siege-in-drug-plagued.html

8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11989399

9. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11989399

10. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70H5KT20110119

11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12385301

12. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12385301

13. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12385301

14. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/photoblog/2010/12/violence_in_guatemala_daniel_leclairs_story.html

15. http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90029797?Guatemala%20police%20arrest%20female%20gang%20member%20in%20bus%20bombing%20that%20killed%207

16. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/08/06/mexico.drug.cartels/index.html

17. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2010/12/23/guatemala-transfers-cops-embattled-province/

18. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704062604576106454103477770.html

Colombia’s, so called Successful Drug Policy Provides the Bait for a Mexican Disaster: A Perspective on President Calderón's Militarized Drug Conflict

Elsa Treviño

1 The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/24/us-officials-drug-demand-fuels-mexico-violence/

2 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

3 Cook, Colleen W. “Mexico’s Drug Cartels” CRS Report for congress, October 16 2007

4 The Wall Street Journal. Luhnow, David. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704254604574614230731506644.html

5 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

6 The Political Economy of Narco-Corruption in Mexico. Andreas, Peter. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Political_Science/people/documents/ThePoliticalEconomyofNarco-CorruptioninMexico.pdf.

7 Medellín, Jorge (28 de marzo de 2004.“Desertan 1,382 militares de elite.” Non-official translation: “1,382 elite militars were left out.” El Universal. http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=109186&tabla=nacion.

8 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

9 Cossio, Alejandro. Inside Mexico’s Drug Tunnels. Time Magazine http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1895418_1877455,00.html

10 Bronner, Robert. “Battling Mexico’s Drug Cartels”. Foreign Affairs, August/July 2010.

11 Creechan, James. "An overview of drug cartels in Mexico" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology (ASC), Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, Nov 01, 2006

12 Mexico’s Drug War: Made in the US. Kingstone, Steve. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12014794

13 http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2010/March/20100329144439xjsnommis0.8794367.html

14 Mexico’s dead war: Number of deads passes 30,000. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12012425

15 Posted by a wide number of papers. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11234058

Gonzalo Turdera: Lex Duvalier: A Corrupt Politician's Worst Nightmare

1. Mercopress South Atlantic News Agency, February 2nd 2011, February 6th 2011, http://en.mercopress.com/2011/02/02/lex-duvalier-enables-switzerland-to-confiscate-and-repatriate-illicit-dictator-assets

2. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 2, Art. 2.

3. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 3, Art. 5.

4. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 3, Art. 6.

5. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 4, Art 9.

6. Swiss Restitution of Illegal Assets Act (2010), Section 4, Art 8.

7. Swiss Embassy in Washinton DC, 2011, Lex Duvalier: Swiss Parliament Passed the Return of Illicit Assets Act, Ambassador Urs Ziswiler, Washington DC.

8. Michael Peel, July 11th 2010, World Bank – Financial Times, January 8th 2011, http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/star_site/news/western_europe_swiss_law.html

Florian Dantreuille: Haiti's Electoral Underworld

1. Haitilibre.com ''Haïti - Élections : L’ONU redoute d’importants troubles sociaux...'', 02/01/2011

2. Haitilibre.com ''Haiti - Elections : Tension rises pending the results...'' 02/02/2011

3. Haitilibre.com ''Haïti - Élections : Déclaration de Jude Célestin'' 02/04/2011

4. Haitilibre.com, ''February 7, a day like any other or not ?'', 02/07/2011

5. Lenouvelliste.com, ''Aristide, Martelly, carnaval'', 02/09/11

6. Haitilibre.com, ''Haïti - Élections : Mirlande Manigat ouverte à toutes les alliances...'' 02/12/2011

7. Haitilibre.com, ''Haïti - Politique : Le 7 février un jour pas comme les autres ?'', 02/07/11

8. Reuters.com ''Haiti protesters call for president Preval to quit'', 02/07/11

9. Courrierinternational.com ''Bébé Doc, la justice et l'impunité'', 01/20/11

10. Lenouvelliste.com, ''L'ex-président Aristide de retour en Haïti 'très bientôt' '' 02/09/11

11. BBCNews.com, “Haiti's ex-leader Aristide 'seeks no political role' “ , 02/09/2011

12. Lenouvelliste.com, ''Aristide, Martelly, carnaval'', 02/09/11

13. Haitilibre.com, ''Haiti - USA : The return of Aristide, an unfortunate distraction'' 02/09/2011

Lenouvelliste.com, ''Les USA s'inquiètent d'un retour d'Aristide avant les élections'' 02/09/11

14. Lenouvelliste.com, ''L'ANMH condamne l'assassinat de Jean-Richard Louis Charles'', 02/11/11

15. Cepr.net, ''In Haiti, Controversy over Election Continues; In U.S., Media Goes Silent'', 02/15/11

16. Lenouvelliste.com ''200 observateurs de l'OEA pour le second tour du scrutin'', 02/14/11

17. OAS.org, ''OAS Group of Friends of Haiti Reviews Preparations for Observing Second Round of Elections'', 02/11/11

18. Cepr.net, ''In Haiti, Controversy over Election Continues; In U.S., Media Goes Silent'', 02/15/11

Zoë Amerigian and Lindsey Pace - Gold Digging in Colombia: Mining Throughout Latin America

i. Campbell, Grant. Planning for Profits. “Report on Mining: South America.” 10 Feb 2011. 9 June 2010.

ii. Turner, Taos. Dow Jones Newswires. “South American Mining Industry Sees Investment Boom.” 10 Feb 2011. 26 April 2005. http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=485

iii. Kevany, Sophie. Fox Business. “Peru Mining Society Sees $10 Billion Investments 2011, 2012.” 10 Feb 2011. 8 Feb 2011. http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2011/02/08/peru-mining-society-sees-billion-investments/; Chilean Copper Commission.

iv. “Copper and Gold Mining Investment in Chile Estimations for 2010-2015.” 10 Feb 2011. May 2010. http://www.cochilco.cl/english/productos/doc/Copper_and_Gold_Mining_Investment_in_Chile.pdf

iv. Wacaster, Susan. U.S. Department of the Interior. “The Mineral Industry of Colombia.” 10 Feb 2011. 2009. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2009/myb3-2009-co.pdf

v. Ch2008, Colombia

vi. Latin American Herald Tribune. “Colombian Police Launch Offensive Against Illegal Mining.” 10 Feb 2011. http://laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=367983&CategoryId=12393

vii. “Security in Colombia: Guerrilla miners.” The Economist. 1/29/2011

viii. Aronowitz, Hannah. Colombia Reports. “Senate to address illegal mining.” 10 Feb 2011. 17 Jan 2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/13759-paramilitaries-use-mining-to-launder-money.html

ix. Tuathail, Michael O. “Colombia's Gold Bonanza: Canadian Mining Leads to 'Economic Forced Displacement'”. Marmato http://upsidedownworld.org/main/colombia-archives-61/1202-colombias-gold-bonanza-canadian-mining-leads-to-economic-forced-displacement

x. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011.;

xi. Donicie, Camiel. “Multinationals 'on trial' for mining activities in Colombia”. May 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/9737-multinationals-on-trial-for-mining-activities-in-colombia.html

xii. Cerrejon Coal Company. SourceWatch http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Cerrejon_Coal_Company#Corporate_Accountability

xiii. Enlazando Alternativas. “The European Union and Transnational Corporations in Latin America: Policies, instruments and actors complicit in the violations of People’s Rights.” May 14-15. Madrid. http://www.enlazandoalternativas.org/IMG/pdf/Dossier_ttp_english.pdf

xiv. Smith, Adrienne. CSR Wire. “Consumer campaign targets the $16 billion U.S. gold jewelry market.” 31 Jan 2011. 10 Feb 2004. http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/21410-New-U-S-Consumer-Campaign-Targets-One-of-the-World-s-Dirtiest-Industries-Gold-Mining

xv. Alsema, Adriaan. Colombia Reports. “Greystar Resources to build gold and silver mine in Colombia.” 27 Jan 2011. 12 Jan 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/economy/7642-greystar-resources-to-build-gold-and-silver-mine-in-colombia.html

xvi. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/24/us-colombia-gold-idUSTRE70N68W20110124?pageNumber=1

xvii. Alsema, Adriaan. Colombia Reports. “Greystar Resources to build gold and silver mine in Colombia.” 27 Jan 2011. 12 Jan 2010.

xviii. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011. http://counterpunch.org/zarate01202011.html

xix. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011

xx. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011.

xxi. Delgado, Diana. Reuters. “Greystar: Colombia gold plan won’t hurt ecosystem.” 30 Jan 2011. 24 Jan 2011

xxii. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011.

xxiii. Latin American Herald Tribune. “Colombian Police Launch Offensive Against Illegal Mining.” 10 Feb 2011.

xxiv. Zarate-Luan, Cecelia. CounterPunch. “Gold v. Water.” 26 Jan 2011. 2 Jan. 2011.

xxv. GNP and GDP definitions found at http://www.investorwords.com/2186/GNP.html

xxvi. Shahriari, Sara. “A life in Bolivia's mines.” March 22, 2010. GlobalPost. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/bolivia/100316/bolivia-children-mines

xxvii. Shahriari, Sara. “A life in Bolivia’s mines.” March 22, 2010. GlobalPost. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/bolivia/100316/bolivia-children-mines

xxviii. Azul, Rafael. “Chile mine rescue exposes precarious working conditions.” Oct 18, 2010. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/oct2010/chil-o18.shtml

xxix. Armstrong, Paul and Basu, Moni. “Pinera: Mining conditions must improve” CNN World News. 10/18/2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-18/world/chile.miners.president_1_copper-mine-mining-industry-miners?_s=PM:WORLD

xxx. Azul, Rafael. “Chile mine rescue exposes precarious working conditions.” Oct 18, 2010. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/oct2010/chil-o18.shtml

xxxi. Langdon, Shanna. Project Underground. “Peru’s Yanacocha Mine.” 26 Jan 2011. Sep 2000.

xxxii. BBC News. “Peru’s gold rush sparks fears of ecological disaster.” Jan 27 2011. 20 Dec 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8411408.stm

xxxiii. Langdon, Shanna. Project Underground. “Peru’s Yanacocha Mine.” 26 Jan 2011. Sep 2000.

xxxiv. PubMed.gov “Mercury levels in inland waters of gold-mining areas in Redonia, Brazil.” 28 Jan 2011. Nov 1989.

xxxv. BBC News. “Peru’s gold rush sparks fears of ecological disaster.” Jan 27 2011. 20 Dec 2009.

Julissa Delgado: Looking Back at the Defeat of Chile's Concertación

1. "Encuesta UDP: Piñera Obtiene 54,1% De Apoyo Y Un 42,5% Quiere a Bachelet Como Próxima Presidenta." LA TERCERA. 20 Oct. 2010. Web. .

2. http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/derecha/gana/primera/vuelta/Chile/elpepuint/20091214elpepuint_4/Tes

3. "Encuesta UDP: Piñera Obtiene 54,1% De Apoyo Y Un 42,5% Quiere a Bachelet Como Próxima Presidenta." LA TERCERA. 20 Oct. 2010. Web. .

4. Le Cour Grandmaison, Romain. "Chile: A Fading Concertación on the Road to Losing the Presidency?" Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 29 Jan. 2009. Web. .

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

Julissa Delgado: Portrait of a Pragmatist Statesman: Snorting Dragon Becomes a Lamb

1. Alsema, Adriaan. “Correa praises Santos after countries fully restore ties.” Colombia Reports. November 27, 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/13144-correa-praises-santos-after-countries-fully-restore-ties.html

2. Alsema, Adriaan. “Uribe saw US military pact as deterrent against possible Vzla agression.” Colombia Reports. December 18, 2010. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/13456-uribe-saw-us-military-pact-as-deterrent-against-possible-venezuelan-agression.html

3. Ibid

4. Efe. “Santos dice que su mejor contribución es no pronunciarse sobre la ruptura.” El Mundo. July 22, 2010. http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/07/22/venezuela/1279826527.html

5.“Politics versus trade: Hugo Chávez stamps out regional economic integration.” The Economist. September 10, 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/14416724.

6. Murphy, Helen, and Daniel Candel. “Santos, Chavez Seek to End Colombia-Venezuela Spat.” Bloomberg. August 9, 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-09/santos-chavez-seek-to-end-colombia-venezuela-spat.html.

7. Murphy, Helen, and Charlie Devereux. “Chávez, Santos Meet to Rebuild `Destroyed' Colombia-Venezuela Trade Ties.”Bloomberg. August 10, 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-09/santos-chavez-seek-to-end-colombia-venezuela-spat.html

8. Forero, Juan. “Santos is a new breed of diplomat at Colombia's helm.” The Washington Post. December 26, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/26/AR2010122601853.html?sid

Robert Cavooris & Elcin Chang: Guyanese President Leaves a Tattered Legacy

1. “Guyana: Continuing Growth Boosts Budget.” (February 2010) LatinNews: Latin American Regional Report-Central America and the Caribbean. Retrieved from http://www.latinnews.com/lrc/LRC21923.asp?instance=15

2. World Bank. (2009). Net intake rate in grade 1 (% of official school-age population) [Data set]. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

3. World Bank. (2009). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/country/guyana

4. World Bank. (2009). Improved santiation facilities (% of population with access) [Data set]. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ACSN

5. U.S. Department of State. (June 2010). Guyana: country specific information. Retrieved from http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1133.html#medical

6. Korten, Tristam. (16 June 2008). Gang’s terror reign in Guyana years in making. Miami Herald. Retrieved from http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/gangs-terror-reign-guyana-years-making

7. Lloyd, Stephanie. (28 July 2010). The unpaved road: barriers to Guyana’s integration with South America. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.coha.org/the-unpaved-road-barriers-to-guyanas-integration-with-south-america/

8. (30 July 2001) Opposition protests against ‘Black Clothes Police’ shootings. Cana News Agency. Retrieved from BBC World Monitoring.

9. (30 January 2004) Guyana: more on UK, US envoys' concern about allegations against minister. Caribbean Media Corporation. Retrieved from BBC Summary of World Broadcasts.

10.Guyana: Amnesty International writes to president over police ‘executions.’ Cana News Agency. Retrieved from BBC Worldwide Monitoring.

11. Immmigration and Refugee Board of Canada. (2 February 2006). Guyana: criminal violence and police response; state protection efforts (2004-2005). Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,GUY,
4562d94e2,45f1473f29,0.html

12. Korten, Tristam. (17 November 2008). Where phantoms live. McLeans.ca. Retrieved from http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/where-phantoms-live

13. Editorial. (10 January 2011). Security concerns. Stabroek News. Retrieved from http://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/opinion/editorial/01/10/security-concerns/

14. Ibid.

15. Gafar, John. Guyana: From State Control to Free Markets. (New York: Nova Science Publisher, 2003), 14.

16. Editorial. (13 September 2010). The two main parties should elect a leader from outside their base. Stabroek News. Retrieved from http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/opinion/letters/09/13/the-two-main-parties-should-elect-a-leader-from-outside-their-ethnic-base/

17. Politics in Guyana: The fear of racial violence. The Economist, Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/1317619

Samantha Nadler - Post-Quake Haiti: The Year in Review

1. “One Year Follow up Report on the Transparency of Relief Organizations Responding to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake” Disaster Accountability Project, December 2010/January 2011

2. Ibid.

3. Nienaber, Georgianne. “Haiti still buried under the rubble of duelling NGO’s: OXFAM Report. The Huffington Post. January 14 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/georgianne-nienaber/haiti-still-buried-under-_b_805839.html

4. Clayton, Elspeth & Davies, Lucy. “Haiti Progress Report 2010: An Overview of Oxfam’s humanitarian Response to the Haitian Earthquake”. Oxfam GB for Oxfam International. January 2011.

5. “Haiti PM criticises post-earthquake rebuilding efforts” BBC News. December 27 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12082047

6. Dupuy, Alex. “Foreign aid keeps the country from shaping its own future”. The Washington Post. January 9th 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/07/AR2011010706511.html

7. Haiti is Proof of the Failings of International Aid (in French), interview with Ricardo Seitenfus, Le Temps, December 20, 2010.

8. Garret, Laurie. “Haiti’s Year of Living Misery”. Council on Foreign Relations. January 12, 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.cfr.org/publication/23779/haitis_year_of_living_miserably.html

9. “Haiti’s cholera outbreak has not peaked: WHO” AFP Global Edition. January 11 2011. Retrieved from: http://inform.com/health/haitis-cholera-outbreak-peaked-4727966a

10. Ivers, Louise., Farmer, Paul., Almazador, Charles Patrick & Leandre, Fernet. “Five Complementary Interventions to slow cholera”. The Lancet. 376.9758. December 18, 2010.

11. Interview with Congresswoman Waters, January 13 2011

12. Ibid.

13. Klapper, Bradley. “US may support throwing out disputed Haitian vote” The Washington Post. January 7th 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/07/AR2011010704158.html

14. “Haiti- Elections: the United States supports the reports by the OAS experts” Haiti Libre. January 16 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-2131-haiti-elections-the-united-states-supports-the-report-by-the-oas-experts.html

15. Aristide, Jean-Bertrand. Online correspondence, January 19, 2011

Alexandra Reed and Nicky Pear - Dredging Up an Old Issue: An Analysis of the Long-Standing Dispute between Costa Rica and Nicaragua over the San Juan River

1. Gomez, Pablo. “Costa Rica and Nicaragua at ICJ.” Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 19 January 19, 2011. http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/costa-rica-and-nicaragua-icj

2. “Costa Rica Institutes Proceedings Against Nicaragua.” International Court of Justice. 19 Nov. 2010. http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?p1=6&p2=1

3. Costa Rica remains without a military.

4. Esteban Oviedo. “Chinchilla incluye a Nicaragua entre ‘enemigos.’” La Nación. 6 Dec. 2010.
http://www.nacion.com/2010-12-06/ElPais/NotasSecundarias/ElPais2613046.aspx

5. Nicaragua’s “The Truths that Costa Rica Hides about the San Juan de Nicaragua River” can be accessed here: www.tortillaconsal.com/rio_san_juan_truth.pdf

6. Berrios, Bertha. “San Juan River - Border Dispute Between Costa Rica and Nicaragua” 23 April. 2004. www.geog.umd.edu/academic/undergrad/harper/Berrios.pdf

7. Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) International Court of Justice. 13 July. 2009. www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/133/15325.pdf

8. Berrios, Bertha.. “San Juan River - Border Dispute Between Costa Rica and Nicaragua” 23 April. 2004. www.geog.umd.edu/academic/undergrad/harper/Berrios.pdf. 9

9. http://www.eurasiareview.com/world-news/latin-america/9828-costa-rica-nicaragua-border-conflict-heats-up

10. Nicaragua’s “The Truths that Costa Rica Hides about the San Juan de Nicaragua River” can be accessed here: www.tortillaconsal.com/rio_san_juan_truth.pdf

11. Francisco Campbell, Nicaraguan Ambassador to the United States, Personal Interview with the authors. Dec. 9, 2010.

12. Jorge I. Domínguez. “Boundary Disputes in Latin America”. United States Institute of Peace. Washington, DC: 2003, 28. For example, in the case of Argentina, successive presidents (including current President Cristina Kirchner) have played up to Argentines’ nationalist desire to reclaim the Falkland Islands from Britain, both before and after the unsuccessful Falklands War in 1982. Likewise, Bolivia’s quest to recover its coastline from Chile still retains considerable political appeal in La Paz, more than 100 years after it was lost in the War of the Pacific.

14. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “Esa unidad que hemos logrado los nicaragüenses y que ha tratado de capitalizar Daniel Ortega, tendrá una duración relativamente breve, porque en nuestro país es difícil de enfocar un tema por mucho tiempo.” Ramón H. Potosme. “Ortega busca sacudirse observación internacional.” El Nuevo Diario. 14 Nov. 2010. http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/politica/87942.

15. “Costa Rican President Urges Restraint in Border Dispute.” CNN World. 4 November 2010. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-04/world/costa.rica.nicaragua.dispute_1_nicaraguans-boundary-dispute-san-juan-river?_s=PM:WORLD

16. “Costa Rican President Urges Restraint in Border Dispute.”

17. “Costa Rica Institutes Proceedings Against Nicaragua.” International Court of Justice. 19 Nov. 2010. http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?p1=6&p2=1

18. OAS press release 8 December 2010.

19. Gamez, Pablo. “Costa Rica and Nicaragua at ICJ.” Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 19 January 19, 2011. http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/costa-rica-and-nicaragua-icj

20. Gomez, Pablo. “Costa Rica and Nicaragua at ICJ.” Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 19 January 19, 2011. http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/costa-rica-and-nicaragua-icj

21. http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2010/december/08/costarica10120801.htm

22. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “la peculiar interpretación del Gobierno nicaragüense sobre el Derecho Internacional es que solo tiene legitimidad lo que lo beneficia, y que, por tanto, se debe tolerar la ocupación armada de territorio de otro país…” Costa Rica’s “The Truth about the Incursion, Occupation, Use and Damage of Costa Rican Territory by Nicaragua” can be accessed here: http://www.rree.go.cr/ministerio/files/LA_VERDAD_CR_(Par.pdf

23. “What Are the Prospects for Costa Rica-Nicaragua Relations?” Inter-American Dialogue. 16 Nov. 2010. http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=2509&s=.

24. Jorge I. Domínguez. “Boundary Disputes in Latin America”. United States Institute of Peace. Washington, DC: 2003, 34.

25. U.S. Sentator calls for freeze of Nicaraguan Aid’ Tico Times. http://www.ticotimes.net/News/News-Briefs/U.S.-senator-calls-for-freeze-of-Nicaraguan-aid_Wednesday-December-15-2010

Robin Burnette: Martinelli’s Chorizo Law Gets Sliced, but Concerns Remain Over His Past and Potential Future Machinations

1 http://www.newsroompanama.com/business/legal/1434-interpretinglaw-30-the-sausage-law-a-challenge-to-democracy.html

2 http://www.coha.org/panama’s-unraveling-democracy-the-social-cost-of-martinelli’s-chorizo-law/

3 http://www.prensa.com/hoy/panorama/2388410.asp

4 http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/panama/campaign-update-panamanian-president-agrees-revoke-law-30

5 http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20100711182056939

6 http://mostlywater.org/panama_general_strike_rejects_killings_antilabor_laws

7 http://www.newsroompanama.com/business/legal/1434-interpretinglaw-30-the-sausage-law-a-challenge-to-democracy.html?start=1

8 Ibid, The Panama News.

9 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2026938,00.html#ixzz15604jbFR

10 http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/panama/campaign-update-panamanian-president-agrees-revoke-law-30

11 http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_11/news_01.html

12 http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/panama/campaign-update-panamanian-president-agrees-revoke-law-30

13 http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_16/issue_11/news_01.html

14 http://www.newsroompanama.com/panama/1588-martinellis-approval-rating-crashes-and-cabinet-follows-suit.html

15 http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20101016135207235

16 http://es.noticias.yahoo.com/9/20101116/twl-la-popularidad-de-martinelli-sube-4-e1e34ad.html

17 Jackson, Eric: E-Mail Interview, December 1, 2010

18 http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2010/10/07/uhora/local_2010100718023626.asp

19 http://en.rsf.org/panama-absurd-and-dangerous-ruling-bans-07-10-2010,38510.html

20 http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2010/10/07/uhora/local_2010100718023626.asp

21 http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20101119111847527

22 http://en.rsf.org/panama-absurd-and-dangerous-ruling-bans-07-10-2010,38510.html

23 http://cpj.org/2010/10/in-panama-defamation-conviction-draws-outcry.php

Joseph Crupi: Haiti's Election Debacle

1 http://www.laprensasa.com/2.0/3/309/930638/America-in-English/2-Die-in-Haiti-election-violence.html

2 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/8164791/Attacks-in-Haiti-in-last-hours-before-election.html

3 http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-461/10

4 http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/11/28/haiti-election-candidates457.html

5 http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-1772-haiti-elections-mirlande-manigat-said-that-frauds-are-at-the-benefit-of-inite.html

6 http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/208577/election-chaos-in-haiti-as-candidates-cry-foul

7 http://caracas.eluniversal.com/2010/11/30/int_ava_martelly-y-manigat-e_30A4795097.shtml

8 http://www.progressive.org/mpdanto120110.html

9 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112905619.html

10 http://www.aaj.tv/2010/11/haiti-elections-going-well-un-mission-chief/

11 http://www.latinnews.com/lwr/LWR22480.asp?instance=1

Geoff LeGrand: Bienvenido Señor Ahmadinejad: Tehran’s Expanding Latin American Grid

1 Farah, Douglas. "Iran in Latin America: An Overview." In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008, 13 and Dodson, Michael and Manochehr Dorraj. “Populism and Foreign Policy in Venezuela and Iran.” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 2008, 71-87. http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/files/archives/08%20Dodson.pdf

2 Brun, Elodie. "Iran's Place in Venezuelan Foreign Policy." In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits, 35-49. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008, 35

3 Douglas 2008, 13

4 "Mexico; Energy cooperation agreement with Iran - with emphasis on nuclear energy." Voice of the Republic of Iran. Tehran, 1991.Retreived from LexisNexis.

5 “Member States.” Organization of the Islamic Conference. http://www.oic-oci.org/member_states.asp

6 Frasco, Robert and Ariel Farrar-Wellman, “Argentina-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/argentina-iran-foreign-relations

7 "Iran Triples Latin American Trade To US $2.9 Billion." Santiago Times. Santiago, 2009. http://www.santiagotimes.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17784:iran-triples-latin-american-trade-to-us29-billion&catid=48:other&Itemid=122.

8 “Hillary Clinton fails to convince Brazil to support Iran sanctions.” Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0304/Hillary-Clinton-fails-to-convince-Brazil-to-support-Iran-sanctions, “Iran signs nuclear fuel-swap deal with Turkey.” BBC news. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8685846.stm,

9 “Ecuador, Iran agree to build 3 hydroelectric centers.” China People’s Daily.2010 http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6913478.html

10 Arsenault, Chris “Venezuela's multi-polar disorder.” Al Jazeera 2010. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/10/20101021235410120197.html

11 “Iran, Bolivia united against imperialism” Press TV 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/148405.html, “No uranium plan with Iran: Bolivia” Press TV 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/149155.html

12 "Iran , Venezuela vow to form anti-imperialism front."Press TV. 2009. http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=105376§ionid=351020101.

13 Farah 2008, 15

14 Iran Economic Indicators. European Union http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/iran/

15 Perez-Stable, Marifeli. "Brazil key to curbing Iran's influence" Miami Herald. Miami, 2010. http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/04/23/1593789/brazil-key-to-curbing-irans-influence.html

16 "Iran Triples Latin American Trade To US $2.9 Billion."

17 Maradiaga, Félix and Javier Melendez “Iranian-Nicaraguan Relations Under the Sandinista Government.” In In Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance", Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas.

18 Farah 2008, 14-15

19 “Iran to transfer technology to Venezuela.”PressTV.2010. http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/147379.html

20 Javad Heydarian, Richard ”Iran’s Adventures in Latin America.” Foreign Policy in Focus.2010.
http://www.fpif.org/articles/irans_adventures_in_latin_america.

21 “Iran loans 200 million euros to Bolivia.” PressTV. 2010. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/140857.html and Frasco, Robert and Ariel Farrar-Wellman, “Bolivia-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/bolivia-iran-foreign-relations

22 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Ecuador-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/ecuador-iran-foreign-relations

23 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Cuba-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/cuba-iran-foreign-relations

24 “Argentina-Iran Foreign Relations” and Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Chile-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Chile-iran-foreign-relations

25 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Brazil-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Brazil-iran-foreign-relations

26 Farrar-Wellman, Ariel “Mexico-Iran Foreign Relations.” Iran Tracker. http://www.irantracker.org/foreign-relations/Mexico-iran-foreign-relations

27 Nasseri, Ladane "Iran Khodro to Make More Cars in Senegal, Venezuela" Bloomberg.2006. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-10-11/iran-khodro-to-make-more-cars-in-senegal-venezuela.html
28 Farah, Douglas. "Iran In The Western Hemisphere." Testimony Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittees on the Western Hemisphere The Middle East Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Trade. October 2009. http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/fara102709.pdf

29 "MP says Iran should not invest in Latin America." Aftab-e Yazd. 2009. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "Iranian MP defends president's policies in Latin America." Press TV 2009. Retrieved from LexisNexis.

30 Richard, Ivan. "Presidential advisor says Brazil ‘not defending’ Iran" Agencia Brasil. Brasilia, 2010, Janiot, Patricia and Juan Munoz. “President-elect: Brazil will keep Iran ties, remain global player” CNN http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-04/world/brazil.rousseff.interview_1_president-luiz-inacio-lula-jose-serra-brazilian-women?_s=PM:WORLD and “Brazil president-elect speaks against Iran stoning.” Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/03/AR2010110305762.html

31 "Iranian official says Argentine remarks 'move to promote Zionist regime's aims'." Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network 1. Tehran, 1997, Alconada Mon, Hugo. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "The Shadow of Iran in Argentina Takes on a Suspicious Shape." in Iran in Latin America: Threat or "Axis of Annoyance, Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam Stubits, 51-64. Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center for International Scholars, 2008.

32 Farah 2008, 14-15

33 Ibid, 16

34 Ibid

35 O'Connor, Anne-Marie, and Mary Beth Sheridan. "Iran's Invisible Nicaragua Embassy; Feared Stronghold Never Materialized" Washington Post 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/12/AR2009071202337.html

36 "Iran Latin America confab sees expansion of commercial ties." Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network 1. 2008. Retrieved from LexisNexis, "Iran , Latin America construct new world system” PressTV 2008, http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/68734.html "Venezuela ' s Chavez attends unveiling of Simon Bolivar statue in Tehran." Iranian News Agency (IRNA), 2004. Retrieved from LexisNexis.

37 For example, see Iran and Latin America: Ayatollahs in the Backyard. The Economist.2009. http://www.economist.com/node/14969124?story_id=14969124

38 Gertz, Bill. "Iran boosts Qods shock troops in Venezuela ; Pentagon predicts U . S . clash with Islamist paramilitary.” Washington Times. 2010. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/apr/21/iran-boosts-qods-shock-troops-in-venezuela/

39 Farah 2008, 17

40 Ibid
41 Melman, Yossi. "Argentina: Iran behind bombs at Israeli embassy, Jewish center" Haaretz, 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/news/argentina-iran-behind-bombs-at-israeli-embassy-jewish-center-1.235493

42 Hennigan, Tom. "US fears over Iranian presence in Latin America." Irish Times, 2010. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0424/1224269035362.html

43 For more in depth examination of the general implications of the development of an “Axis of Oil” see: Leverett, Flynt. The New Axis of Oil. New America Foundation, 2006. http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/the_new_axis_of_oil and Stelzer, Irwin M. "The Axis of Oil." Weekly Standard, 2005. www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/.../200alybw.asp

44 For example, see Walser, Ray. “What to Do about Hugo Chavez: Venezuela's Challenge to Security in the Americas.” Heritage Foundation, 2009. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/02/what-to-do-about-hugo-chaacutevez-venezuelas-challenge-to-security-in-the-americas

45 Karmon 2009, 14

46 Farah 2009

47 Walser 2009

48 Farah 2008, 15

49 Abn, Tamara Pearson. "North American Imperialism and the Extreme Right are Behind Coup in Honduras: Chavez." Venezuelaanalysis.com, 2010. http://venezuelaanalysis.com/news/4555.

50 Leverett 2005

HIV/AIDS in Indigenous Communities: Indo-America’s Forgotten Victims

1- Special Theme: the Millennium Development Goals and indigenous peoples: redefining the Goals, Information Received from the United Nations system, E/C.19/2006/6/Add.10, 2006. New York: United Nations Economic and Social Council, 21 March 2006. Pgs. 1-19. Retrieved from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/unaidsindigenousissuespaper_en.pdf on November 5, 2010.

2- Reynolds, Louisa. HIV/AIDS could spread among indigenous communities. Latinamerica Press/ Noticias Aliadas. 7/30/2009. Retrieved from http://www.lapress.org/articles.asp?art=5915 on November 8, 2010.

3- García, Judith. Análisis de Situación de ITS, VIH, y SIDA, Guatemala, agosto 2007. Boletín Epidemiológico Nacional, No. 23. Pgs. 52-26. Retrieved from http://epidemiologia.mspas.gob.gt/ on October 28th, 2010. Translated by author.
4- Zavaleta, Carol, Connie Fernández, Kelika Konda, Yadira Valderrama, Sten H. Vermund, and Eduardo Gotuzzo. High Prevalence of HIV and Syphilis in a Remote Native Community of the Peruvian Amazon. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76(4), 2007, pgs. 703-705. Retrieved from http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/76/4/703 on November 5, 2010.

5- United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). HIV and AIDS in the Americas. Final Report, 2008.

6- Hernández-Rosete, Daniel, Maya García Olivia, Bernal Enrique, Castañeda Xóchitl, Lemp George. Migración y ruralización del SIDA: relatos de vulnerabilidad en comunidades indígenas de México. Rev. Saúde Pública, Vol. 42, Number 1, February 2008 Pgs. 131-138. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-89102008000100017&lng=en on December 1, 2010. Translated by author.

7- Subways, Suzy. Land and Freedom: Indigenous Communities in Oaxaca, Mexico Fight HIV and Repression. Community HIV/AIDS Mobilization Project. Retrieved from http://www.champnetwork.org/solidarity_project/2008/12/en/land-and-freedom-indigenous-communities-oaxaca-mexico-fight-hiv-and-re on November 12, 2010.

8- Carías, Nusly. Sida se mueve como fantasma entre indígenas. Elheraldo.hn. August 4, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.elheraldo.hn/layout/set/print/content/view/print/2457 on November 10, 2010. Translated by author.

9- Sierra, M. C. Paredes, R. Pinel, J. Fernandez, S. Mendoza, B. Branson. Seroepidemiologic study of syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV in the Farifuna population of El Triunfo de la Crz, Bajamar, Sambo Creek and Corozal. Report from the Honduras Ministry of Health, Subsecretary for Populations at Risk. The Department of Control and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, AIDS and Tuberculosis. Honduras Ministry of Health, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 1999.

10- Paz-Bailey, Gabriela, Sonia Morales-Miranda, Jerry Jacobsen, Sundeep Gupta, Keith Sabin, Suyapa Mendoza, Mayte Paredes, Berta Alvarez, and Edgar Monterroso. High Rates of STD and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Garifunas in Honduras. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Vol. 51, May 2009. Pgs. S26-S34. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2009/05011/High_Rates_of_STD_and_Sexual_Risk_Behaviors_Among.5.aspx on November 10, 2010.

11- Sabin, Miriam, George Luber, Keith Sabin, Mayte Paredes, Edgar Monterroso. Rapid Ethnographic Assessment of HIV/AIDS among Garífuna Communities in Honduras: Informing HIV Surveillance among Garífuna Women. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Vol. 17, Issue 3 & 4. June 2008. Pgs. 237-257. Retrieved from http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a903745512&fulltext=713240928 on November 10, 2010.

12- Abya-Yala Kuyarinakui. Promoción de la salud sexual y prevención del VIH-sida y de las ITS en los pueblos indígenas de las Américas. Primer Taller de Intercambio de Experiencias y Formulación de Estrategias a Futuro en Salud Reproductiva y Educación Sexual. Ecuador, June 2003. P: 15. Retrieved from http://www.paho.org/Spanish/AD/FCH/AI/SSIA06.pdf on November 12, 2010. Translated by author.

13- Price, Richard. Maroons in Suriname and Guyane: how many and where. New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indiche Gids. 76, no: 1/2. Leiden 2002, P: 84. Retrieved from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/nwig/article/viewFile/3463/4224 on November 12, 2010.

14- Panama HIV Country Profile. World Health Organization. December 2005. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/HIVCP_PAN.pdf on November 12, 2010.

15- Cambell, Zenaida M. and Miguel Brugiatti. Informe nacional sobre los progresos realizados en la aplicación del UNGASS--Panamá Enero 2006 -- Diciembre 2007. Ministerio de Salud / Programa Nacional de VIH y SIDA and ONUSIDA. P: 5. Translated by author.

16- Survival International. HIV reaches Yanomami in Amazon. 27 January 2010. Retrieved from http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5480 on November 12, 2010.

17- McKenna, Neil. A disaster waiting to happen. WorldAIDS. Vol: 27. May 1993. P: 5-6. Note: This article has become very difficult to find, but COHA/the author has a copy available free of charge.

Nikolas Kozloff: Wikileaks and Latin America: Same Old Imperious U.S. Diplomats

1 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/cable/2005/05/05BRASILIA1207.html

2 http://www.nikolaskozloff.com/blog.htm?post=711517

3 http://www.nikolaskozloff.com/blog.htm?post=673532

4 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BUENOSAIRES1311.html

5 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09STATE132349.html

More Grim Days Ahead for Haiti

1 Tomlinson, Alan. “Haiti election halted after poll massacre: Ousted dictator’s Tontons Macoute murder voters” The Times November 30, 1987 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive/tol_archive/article6987683.ece

2 Carter, Jimmy. “Haiti’s Election Needs Help” The Carter Center October 1, 1990 http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1379.html

3 GlobalSecurity.org. “Post-Duvalier Transition 1986-1990” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/politics-post-duvalier.htm

4 Council of Freely-Elected Heads of Government and National Democratic Institute for International Affairs “The 1990 General Elections in Haiti” http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/electionreports/democracy/FinalReportHaiti1990.pdf

5 Political Database of the Americas “Haiti: 1990 Presidential Election Results” http://pdba.georgetown.edu/elecdata/haiti/90pres.html

6 United Nations Mission in Haiti. “Background: Summary” http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unmihbackgr1.html

7 United Nations Mission in Haiti. “End of mission summary” September 1996 http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unmih_b.htm

8 "Chomsky on Haiti: Aid Should Go to Haitian Popular Organizations, Not to Contractors or NGOs” Counterpunch March 9, 2010http://chomsky.info/interviews/20100309.htm

9 Pastor, Robert A. “Report on the Elections in Haiti, June 25, 1995” The Carter Center http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1248.pdf

10 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti: Parliamentary Chamber: Sénat: Elections Held in 1995” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2138_95.htm

11 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti: Parliamentary Chamber: Sénat: Elections Held in 1997” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2138_97.htm

12 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti: Parliamentary Chamber: Chambre des Députés: Elections Held in 2000” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2137_00.htm

13 Klein, Naomi. “My date with Aristide” NOW Vol. 24 No. 47. July 21-28, 2005 http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7u61Xq

14 CNN World News. “Aristide says U.S. deposed him in 'coup d'etat'” March 1, 2004 http://articles.cnn.com/2004-03-01/world/aristide.claim_1_haitian-rebels-haitian-president-haiti-james-foley?_s=PM:WORLD

15 “Republic of Haiti Interim Cooperation Framework 2004-2006 Summary Report” July 2004 http://haiticci.undg.org/uploads/ReportVersion8%20Eng%20FINAL%20Low%20Res.pdf

16 BBC News. “Haiti priest barred from election” September 14, 2005 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4245146.stm

17 Dupuy, Alex. “Haiti Election 2006: A Pyrrhic Victory for René Préval?”
Latin American Perspectives Vol. 33, No. 3 (May, 2006), pp. 132-14

18 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti Sénat: Elections Held in 2006” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2138_06.htm

19 Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Haiti Sénat: Last Elections” http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2138_E.htm

20 HaitiAction.net. “AP misrepresents reality of Lavalas exclusion in Haiti elections” November 29, 2009 http://www.haitiaction.net/News/HNW/11_29_9/11_29_9.html

21 Charles, Jacqueline. “Haitian President René Préval asks to remain in office” The Miami Herald May 5, 2010
http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/05/05/1615553/haitian-president-rene-preval.html

22 Speri, Alice. “Wyclef Jean appealing Haiti election ruling, says 'trickery' used” Christian Science Monitor August 24, 2010 http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0824/Wyclef-Jean-appealing-Haiti-election-ruling-says-trickery-used

23 Edmonds, Kevin. “The Assault on Haitian Democracy” North American Congress on Latin America August 23, 2010 https://nacla.org/node/6700

24 "Extraordinary Meeting of the Group of Friends of Haiti” October 27, 2010

25 Ives, Kim. “Fanmi Lavalas Blasts "Mascarade Selections" and Occupation” HaitiAnalysis.com October 22, 2010 http://www.haitianalysis.com/2010/10/22/lavalas-family-blasts-mascarade-selections-and-occupation

26 Ives, Kim. “Musicians, Doctors, Activists, Technocrats and Politicians: 34 Candidates Bid for Haiti’s Presidency” Canada Haiti Action Network August 18, 2010 http://canadahaitiaction.ca/content/kim-ives-writes-haiti-election

27 Ibid

28 Charles, Jacqueline. “For now, Haiti's presidential candidates in quest for unity” The Miami Herald September 9, 2010 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/09/08/1815038_p2/for-now-haitis-presidential-candidates.html

29 Ibid

30 “Deuxieme Sondage Du Brides” Bureau de Recherche en Informatique et en Developpement Economique et Social October 24, 2010 http://media.miamiherald.com/smedia/2010/10/27/10/sondages_forum_24_Octobre.source.prod_affiliate.56.pdf

31 Padgett, Tim and Jessica Desvarieux. “The Woman Who Would Be Haiti’s Next President” Time November 15, 2010 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031412,00.html

32 Charles, Jacqueline. “Mirlande Manigat, Jude Célestin lead in Haiti's presidential race, poll says” The Miami Herald October 27, 2010 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/10/27/1893682/mirlande-manigat-jude-celestin.html

33 Klarreich, Kathie. “Haiti’s Next Big Crisis: How to Hold Elections” Time March 18, 2010 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1973228,00.html

34 Delva, Joseph Guyler. “US lawmakers warn of flaws in Haiti vote process” Reuters October 8, 2010 http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N08243279.htm

35 Quinn, Andrew. “Clinton says elections key to Haiti stability” Reuters March 9, 2010 http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N09242953.htm

36 "Congresswoman Waters & Colleagues Urge Secretary Clinton to Support Fair, Free, Inclusive Haitian Elections” October 7, 2010 http://waters.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=211192

Bethan Rafferty/Problems with Taxation in Latin America

1 http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,3343,en_2649_33745_30575447_1_1_1_1,00.html

2 http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/ACF5F8.pdf

3 http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/introduction.html?ref=menuside

4 http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2009-09-24/100-people-every-minute-pushed-poverty-economic-crisis

5 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/feb/13/tax-gap-cayman-islands

Kelsey Strain/Director Birns: The Mid-Term Elections: An Easy Prediction for the Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations

1 http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/05/ileana_ros_lehtinen_once_called_for_the_assassination_of_fidel_castro

2 http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=36875

3 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/04/us/politics/04rubio.html?pagewanted=all

4 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/04/us/politics/04rubio.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2&partner=rss&emc=rss

5 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11713417

6 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6A813G20101109?pageNumber=1

7 http://www.bendixenandassociates.com/Cuba_Flash_Poll_Executive_Summary.html

Robert Valencia: Reconciling the Views of Business and Labor

1 http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/guatemala_a_tal.html

2 http://www.radioiowa.com/2010/04/14/postville-mayor-says-community-still-recovering-from-immigration-raid/

3 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/24/rupert-murdoch-mayor-bloo_n_623805.html

4 http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/12/high_skilled_immigrants.html

Sonja Salzburger: Made in Brazil: Confronting Child Labor

1 Lynn, Jonathan: Brazil’s Lula calls for new world economic order. June 15, 2009.
http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE55E3C420090615?pageNumber=1

2 Unicef: Brazil owes its children a huge debt , President tells child-friendly reporters. 22 July 2004. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/brazil_22497.html

3 Bild News Ticker: Kinderarbeit in Brasilien rückläufig. September 8, 2010.
http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/telegramm/news-ticker,rendertext=13902208.html

4 Pernsteiner, Johannes: Brasilien: Kinderarbeit weit verbreitet. Fortschrittliche Verfassung ist keine Garantie für Schutz der Kinder. 12.06.2009.

5 Brasilianische Botschaft: Schutz von Kindern und Jugendlichen. April 22, 2008. http://brasilianische-botschaft.de/politik/schutz-von-kindern-und-jugendlichen/

6 Pernsteiner, Johannes: Brasilien: Kinderarbeit weit verbreitet. Fortschrittliche Verfassung ist keine Garantie für Schutz der Kinder. 12.06.2009. http://pressetext.de/news/090612010/brasilien-kinderarbeit-weit-verbreitet/

7 Salmon, Claire: Child Labor in Bangladesh: Are Children the Last Economic Resource of the Household? In: Journal of Developing Societies. June 2005, vol. 21, no 1-2, p: 33-54

8 Pernsteiner, Johannes: Brasilien: Kinderarbeit weit verbreitet. Fortschrittliche Verfassung ist keine Garantie für Schutz der Kinder. 12.06.2009. http://pressetext.de/news/090612010/brasilien-kinderarbeit-weit-verbreitet/

9 Levison/Degraff/Robinson International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy Vol: 29 Issue: 3-4, 2009, p: 152 – 163

10 Buckley, Stephen: The little laborers. Why does child labor continue to thrive in the developing world? In. Washington Post, March 2006 http://www.commondreams.org/views/031600-102.htm

11 Brazil-Education: Principles, Aims and Objectives. http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-education.htm htm

12 Brasil Gate: Die Situation der Schulen. 2007. http://www.brasilgate.com/main/bildungkultur.php

13 Emerson, Patrick/ Portela Souza, André: Child Labor, School Attendance and Intrahousehold Gender Bias in Brazil. 2007.
http://people.oregonstate.edu/~emersonp/childlabor/gender.pdf

14 French, Lawrence: Children’s Labor Market Involvement, Household Work, and Welfare: A Brazilian Case Study. In: Journal of Business Ethics. 3/2010.

15 Amin, Shahina/Quayes, Shakil/ Rives, Janet M.: World Development, Volume 34, Issue 7, July 2006, p: 1271-1286

16 Basu, Kaushik: International Labor Standards and Child Labor. 1999. Challenge, vol. no. 5, September/October 1999: pp. 80-93

17 French, Lawrence: Children’s Labor Market Involvement, Household Work, and Welfare: A Brazilian Case Study. In: Journal of Business Ethics. 3/2010.

18 BBC News: Brazil: Key facts and figures. May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8702891.stm

19 The World Bank: Bolsa Familia. Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21447054~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html

20 The Economist: Brazil: Happy families . An anti poverty scheme invented in Latin America is winning converts worldwide. February 7, 2008. http://www.economist.com/node/10650663?story_id=10650663

21 The World Bank: Bolsa Familia. Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21447054~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html

22 Hall, Anthony: From Fome Zero to Bolsa Familia. Social Policies and Poverty Allevation under Lula. October 2004. http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2004/files/HallAnthony_xCD.pdf

23 E-Mail Interview Raymundo Rabelo de Mesquita (October 15, 2010)

24 Caploe, David: Brazil: Poor Education System Major Economic Problem. September 27, 2010. http://www.economywatch.com/economy-business-and-finance-news/brazil-poor-education-system-major-economic-problem-27-09.html

25 International Labor Organization: Child Labor. 2010. http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Child_Labour/lang--en/index.htm

26 Liebel, Manfred: Kindheit und Arbeit. 2001, p. 211 f.

27 Pütter, Benjamin: Kinder- und Sklavenarbeit in indischen Steinbrüchen. Juli 2009. http://www.xertifix.de/kinderarbeit/kinderarbeit-in-steinbruechen.shtml

28 Basu, Kaushik: Child Labor: Cause, Consequence and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. XXXVII (September 1999) pp. 1083–1119

29 Liebel, Manfred: Do children have a right to work? Working children’s movement in the struggle for social justice. 2010. (not published yet)

30 Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook. South America: Brazil. October 27, 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html

31 E-Mail Interview Manfred Liebel October 24, 2010

32 Weisbrot, Mark: Who will allow Brazil to reach its economic potential? September 19, 2010. http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/42877/

33 ibid.

34 Department of Commerce: U.S.-Brazil Commercial Dialogue deepens trade relations. May 2010. http://trade.gov/press/press-releases/2010/us-brazil-commercial-dialogue-deepens-trade-relations-050410.asp

35 Weisbrot, Mark. September 19, 2010.

Joseph Crupi: The Haitian Cholera Outbreak: A Preventable Tragedy?

1 http://www.cdc.gov/haiticholera/situation/

2 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/8084247/Haiti-cholera-outbreak-rural-area-of-Artibonite-takes-the-brunt.html

3 http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/11/2010118225019323724.html

4 http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/earthquakes/haiti/waterydiarrhea_pre-decision_brief.asp

5 http://www.nih.gov/news/radio/feb2010/20100204Haiti.htm

6 http://new.paho.org/disasters/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1104&Itemid=1

7 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/10/the-haiti-cholera-outbreak-what-happens-next/65026/

8 ibid. Pan American Health Organization

9 http://www.who.int/hac/crises/hti/haiti_october2010.pdf

10 ibid. World Health Organization

11 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39407580/

12http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/10/18/jon_stewart_was_wrong_coburn_is_not_holding_up_the_haiti_relief_money

13 http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/IDP-Report-09.23.10-compressed.pdf

14 http://trueslant.com/josephtreaster/2010/01/29/a-drinking-water-crisis-in-haiti-long-before-earthquake-destruction/

15 ibid. Pan American Health Organization

16 http://blogs.redcross.org.uk/emergencies/2010/11/haiti-fighting-cholera-in-the-capital/

17 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11721995

18 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69L21520101024?pageNumber=2

19 http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=E2A35BDB-15C5-F00A-259AB38F3A535A1D&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html

20 http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/11/08/v-print/1916088/for-tomas-preval-picked-up-his.html

21 Extraordinary Meeting of the Group of Friends of Haiti, Organization of American States, October 27

22 ibid. Organization of American States

Melissa Graham: China Looks South: Problematic Investments in Latin America

1 http://technews.tmcnet.com/topics/associated-press/articles/106321-repsol-sells-stake-brazil-unit-71b.html

2 http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1744.html

3 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sinopec+buys+Addax+for+7.2+billion+US+dollars-a01611909386

4 http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-16/china-gdp-surpasses-japan-capping-three-decade-rise.html

5 http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RS22119.pdf

6 http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0512/0512002.pdf

7 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704689804575536022547062314.html

8 http://www.investopedia.com/articles/07global_trade.asp

9 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/25/AR2010072502979_3.html?sid=ST2010092006580

10 ibid. Washington Post.

11 ibid. Washington Post.

12 http://carnegieendowment.org/files/latin_leap.pdf

13 ibid. Washington Post.

14 ibid. Washington Post.

15 ibid. Washington Post.

Nicky Pear: Landlocked Bolivia’s Symbolic Step Seaward

1 Bolivia Bella. ‘Landlocked Bolivia’s Day of the Sea’ available at: //www.boliviabella.com/day-of-the-sea.html

2 Bolivia Information Forum Bulletin no.13. July 2009. Available at: http://www.boliviainfoforum.org.uk/inside-page.asp?section=4&page=35

3 LA Times. ‘Landlocked Bolivia Gets Access to the Sea’ Available at http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2010/10/peru-bolivia-port-landlocked.html

4 Peruvian Times. ‘Chile submits final arguments over maritime border dispute with Peru’ Available at:
http://www.peruviantimes.com/chile-submits-final-arguments-over-maritime-border-dispute-with-peru/095253

5 La Prensa.. ‘Cancillería continúa diálogo sobre 13 puntos con Chile’ Available at: http://www.laprensa.com.bo/noticias/25-10-2010/noticias/25-10-2010_6144.php.

6 Merco Press. ‘Bolivian navy to have access to the Pacific for the first time in 130 years’ Available at:
http://en.mercopress.com/2010/10/23/bolivian-navy-to-have-access-to-the-pacific-for-the-first-time-in-130-years

7 The Guardian. ‘Peru Gives Landlocked Bolivia a Piece of the Pacific to Call its Own’ Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/20/peru-gives-bolivia-pacific-shore

Robin Burnette: President Chinchilla: The “Puppet” Sets Her Own Agenda

1 YouTube ‘Marionetas 1: La Conferencia de Laura Chinchilla’ December 31st 2009. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7l8x2f-T9oQ [Accessed October 20th]

2 British Broadcasting Company ‘Laura Chinchilla to be Costa Rica's first female leader’ February 8th 2010. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8503425.stm [Accessed October 10th 2010]

3 Laura-Chinchilla.com ‘Laura Chinchilla’s Vision as Costa Rica President’ 2010. Available at http://laura-chinchilla.com/laura-chinchillas-vision-as-costa-rica-president/’ [Accessed October 9th 2010]

4 Tico Times. ‘Central America and Europe sign trade agreement’ May 19th 2010. Available at http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_05/0519101.cfm [Accessed October 14th]

5 Laura-Chinchilla.com, 2010

6 Reuters ‘Some Central American countries put breaks on mining’ June 2nd 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0213554520100602 [Accessed October 12th]

7 Tico Times ‘Chinchilla signs waste management law’ July 16th 2010. Available at http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_07/0716103.cfm [Accessed October 8th]

8 La Nacion ‘‘País cierra el año con llegada de 1,9 millones de turistas’ December 19th 2007. Available at http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/diciembre/19/economia1358245.html [Accessed October 12th 2010]

9 Tico Times ‘Costa Rica on top 20 list of drug-transit and producing nations’ September 17th 2010. Available at http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_09/0917102.cfm [Accessed October 11th 2010]

10 Global Post ‘7,000 U.S. Marines landing on the beaches of Costa Rica’ July 12th, 2010. Available at http://www.globalpost.com/webblog/costa-rica/7000-us-marines-landing-the-beaches-costa-rica [Accessed October 17th 2010]

11 Prensa Latina ‘Ampliara Costa Rica capacidad de sus carceles’ September 30th, 2010. Available at http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=224803&Itemid=1 [Accessed October 8th 2010]

12 U.S. Department of State August 11th 2010. Available at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2019.htm [Accessed October 8th 2010]

13 UN News Centre ‘Central America under threat from tentacles of drug trade, UN debate hears’ September 23rd 2010.
Available at http://unclef.com/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36105&Cr=drug&Cr1= [Accessed on October 12th 2010]

14 Forum Libertas ‘Oscar Arias, Presidente de Costa Rica, dice que la homosexualidad la manda Dios’ July 4th, 2010. Available at http://www.forumlibertas.com/frontend/forumlibertas/noticia.php?id_noticia=16686 [Accessed October 12th 2010]

15 Catholic News Agency ‘Costa Rican presidential candidate reveals opposition to abortion and same-sex 'marriage'’ February 2nd 2010. Available at http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/costa_rican_presidential_candidate_reveals_opposition_to_abortion_and_same-sex_marriage/ [Accessed on October 24th 2010]

16 New Jersey Newsroom ‘Costa Rica’s Laura Chinchilla to lead a nation as latest female president’ February 9th 2010. Available at http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/international/costa-ricas-laura-chinchilla-to-lead-a-nation-as-latest-female-president [Accessed on October 24th 2010]

17 Tico Times ‘Chinchilla wins whopping 76 percent approval rating’ September 14th 2010. Available http://www.ticotimes.net/layout/set/print/News/Daily-News/Chinchilla-Wins-Whopping-76-Percent-Approval-Rating_Friday-September-24-2010 [Accessed October 12th 2010]

Challenges Ahead for Brazil’s First Female President

1 “Brazil Elects Dilma Rousseff as First Female President.” BBC. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11662623.

2 Andrew Downie. “New Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff Will Need Lula's Charisma.” TIME Magazine. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2028581,00.html.

3 Downie.

4 “Brazil President-elect Rousseff pledges gender equality.” BBC. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11666013.

5 Taylor Barnes. “Dilma Rousseff set to win Brazil election. Did she really need Lula to play the gender card?” The Christian Science Monitor. 31 Oct. 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/1031/Dilma-Rousseff-set-to-win-Brazil-election.-Did-she-really-need-Lula-to-play-the-gender-card.

6 Roy Greenslade. “Press Freedom Pledge by Brazil’s New President.” Greenslade Blog. The Guardian. 2 Nov. 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/greenslade/2010/nov/02/press-freedom-dilma-rousseff.

7 “Dilma Rouseff wins Brazil’s Presidential Elections” The Guardian. 1 Nov. 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/01/dilma-rousseff-wins-brazil-president.

McCall Breuer: Brazil and UNASUR: Regional Security, and the Nation’s World Sanding in the Era of Rousseff’s Rule

1 “Constitutuve Treaty of UNASUR/Tratado Constitutivo de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas,” http://www.cdsunasur.org/images/stories/Creacion/Tratado_constitutivo_UNASUR.pdf. 20 Sept. 2010.

2 Birnbaum, Ben. “FARC rebels seek ‘political solution’ to Colombia conflict.”Washington Post 23 Aug. 2010. //www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/aug/23/farc-rebels-political-solution-colombia-conflict/. 13 Sept. 2010.

3 ”Global Governance, South-South Economic Relations, and Foreign Policy Strategies,” Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/brazil.IBSAemergingpowers.pdf. Oct. 4 2010.

4 ”IBSA and Brazil’s Regional Policy: Competing or Complimentary Foreign Policy Dimensions?” Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars. Oct. 4 2010.

5 George Gray Molina, Global Leaders Fellow at the University of Oxford, speaking at the Brazil Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 4 2010.

6 Ibid.

7 Pew Global Attitudes Project, http://pewglobal.org/2010/09/22/brazilians-upbeat-about-their-country-despite-its-problems/6/. 25 Sept. 2010.

Seeds of Change in Little Havana: Fresh Perspectives Eventually Emerge in the Cuban Exile Community

1 Torres, Maria. 1999. In the Land of Mirrors - Cuban Exile Politics in the United States Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

2 Bishin, Benjamin et al. 2009. ‘Miami Dade’s Cuban-American Voters in the 2008 Election’ Cuban Affairs 4(1).

3 Pilley, Anna-Claire. 2000. The Elian Gonzalez Case and Cuban American Political Culture MA Dissertation. Institute for the Study of the Americas.

4 Perez Jr, Louis A. 1994. Essays on Cuban History: Historiography and Research Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

5 Torres, 1999.

6 Gomez, Andy and Eugenio M. Rothe. 2004. ‘Value Orientations and Opinions of Recently Arrived Cubans in Miami’ University of Miami. Available at www.miami.edu/iccas/publications.htm [Accessed July 28th, 2010].

7 The Florida Times-Union. ‘Many Younger Cuban-Americans Splitting with Parents on Politics’ October 31st, 2004. Available at http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/exile/younger-voters.htm [Accessed July 21st, 2010].

8 Bishin et al, 2009.

9 Gomez, Andy. 2010. ‘New Trends in the Cuban-American Community (Poll)’ Available at democracyinamericas.org/.../New_Trends_Cuban-American_Community.pdf [Accessed August 20th, 2010].

10 Bishin, Benjamin et al. 2008. ‘What to Expect from the Cuban-American Electorate’ Cuban Affairs 3(3).

11 Interview with senior fellow at the Centre for Cuban and Cuban American Studies, University of Miami. Held on 7th June.

12 Bendixen & Associates. 2009. National Poll on Cubans and Cuban-Americans on Changes to Cuba Policy Available at http://www.bendixenandassociates.com/Cuba_Flash_Poll_Executive_Summary.html [Accessed June 7th, 2010].

13 Interview with founding member of ‘Youth for a Free Cuba’ group at the University of Miami. Held on 14th June.

14 LatinoResearch. 2004. ‘Anti-Castro Political Ideology among Cuban-Americans in the Miami Area: Cohort and Generational Differences’ Available at latinostudies.nd.edu/pubs/pubs/Grenchun.pdf [Accessed August 10th, 2010].

15 Molyneux, Maxine. 1999. ‘The Politics of the Cuban Diaspora in the United States’ in Victor Bulmer Thomas and James Dunkerly ed. The US and Latin America: The New Agenda London: Institute for Latin American Studies.

16 Interview with senior fellow at the Centre for Cuban and Cuban American Studies, University of Miami. Held on 7th June.

17 Interview with former committee member of Free Cuba Foundation. Held on 3rd June.

18 Interview with former President of the Free Cuba Foundation at Florida International University. Held on 4th June.

19 Los Angeles Times. ‘A Last Gasp of the Émigré Old Guards’ April 2nd, 2000.

20 The Observer. ‘Elian Gonzales and the Cuban Crisis: Fallout from a Big Row over a Little Boy’ February 21st 2010.

21 Ibid, 2010.

22 Molyneux, 1999.

23 Entrepreneur. ‘Exile Groups Implosion Could Mean Loss of Influence in Washington’ August 21st, 2001. Available at http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/77575793.html [Accessed August 10th, 2010].

24 The Observer, 2010.

25 Cuban American National Foundation. 2009. ‘A New Course for Cuban Policy: Advancing People Driven Change’ Available at http://www.canf.org/issues/policy-positions/ [Accessed July 10th, 2010].

26 Florida International University. 2007. ‘Cuba Poll’ Available at http://www2.fiu.edu/~ipor/cuba8/pollresults.html [Accessed July 23rd, 2010].

Chile’s Lesser Told Story: The Mapuche Hunger Strike

1 Luis Campos. “Los mapuches no son cubanos. 34 es más que 33.” El Clarín. 24 Sept. 2010. http://www.elclarin.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22458&Itemid=7778. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “Más enterrados que los propios mineros, las demandas y los derechos de los indígenas continúan siendo transgredidos y no reconocidos en nuestros país.”

2 Ruth Collins. "The Untold Story of the Mapuche Hunger Strike." New Statesman Rolling Blog. 15 Sept. 2010. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/09/mapuche-hunger-chile

3 “Chile: Piñera anuncia cambios en reglamentación minera a fin de garantizar seguridad.” Revista Generacción. 24 Aug. 2010.
http://www.generaccion.com/usuarios/29805/chile-pinera-anuncia-cambios-reglamentacion-minera-fin-garantizar-seguridad.

4 For a more detailed analysis of Chile’s anti-terrorism legislation and its relation to Mapuche activism, please see COHA Research Associate Elizabeth Benjamin’s November 29th article entitled “Chile Invokes Pinochet Era Anti-Terrorism Law Against Mapuche Demonstrators.” http://www.coha.org/chile-invokes-pinochet-era-anti-terrorism-law-against-mapuche-demonstrators.

5 “Chile: Terror Law Violates Due Process for Mapuche.” Human Rights Watch. 27 Oct. 2004. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/10/27/chile-terror-law-violates-due-process-mapuche.

6 Martín Romero. “Piñera: ‘Huelga de hambre es un medio de presión ilegítimo’” La Nación, 8 Sept. 2010. http://www.nacion.cl/pinera-huelga-de-hambre-es-un-medio-de-presion-ilegitimo-/noticias/2010-09-08/112147.html. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “una huelga de hambre es un instrumento de presión ilegitimo en democracia.”

7 “Tomaron el camino equivocado.” El Mercurio de Antofagasta. 19 Sept. 2010. http://www.mercurioantofagasta.cl/prontus4_noticias/site/artic/20100919/pags/20100919023534.html. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: "No confundamos al pueblo mapuche que está participando de este Bicentenario, con la situación de 34 comuneros que han elegido un camino equivocado. El país que vamos a construir se hace con diálogo, unidad y trabajo, no con violencia ni huelga de hambre."

8 J. Peñailillo, M. Donoso and F. Palomera. “Gobierno retira querellas y mayoría de mapuches depone huelga tras 82 días.” La Tercera. 2 Oct. 2010. http://diario.latercera.com/2010/10/02/01/contenido/pais/31-40232-9-gobierno-retira-querellas-y-mayoria--de-mapuches-depone-huelga-tras-82-dias.shtml.

9 Note: This number varies from 10 to 14 depending on the source. “Confirman que son 14 los presos políticos mapuches que siguen en huelga de hambre”Azkintuwe, 5 Oct. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_504.htm.

10 “Confirman que son 14 los presos políticos mapuches que siguen en huelga de hambre”Azkintuwe, 5 Oct. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_504.htm. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “Ahí existe una intención, pero no una cuestión concreta. Esa intención una vez depuesta la huelga podría quedar en nada.”

11 “Mapuches logran acuerdo con el gobierno y últimos presos deponen huelga de hambre,” Azkintuwe, 9 Oct. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_801.htm.

12 Rodriguez, Patricia. Assistant Professor of Politics, Ithaca College. E-mail interview. 7 Oct. 2010.

13 Rodriguez.

14 José Bengoa qtd. in Pedro Cayuqueo. “El terrorismo siempre es y ha sido una construcción del Estado.” Azkintuwe, 9 Aug. 2010. http://www.azkintuwe.org/agost092.htm. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “El terrorismo del sur fue repetido sin pensar por los canales de televisión que construyeron de modo irresponsable la imagen de ingobernabilidad. Los Gobiernos de la Concertación, siempre temerosos de lo que les dijera el Diario El Mercurio, asumieron en la práctica que se trataba de terrorismo y aplicaron la famosa y maldita ley. Así la espiral ha seguido.”

15 Richard Miranda V. “Bachelet: ‘La manera de avanzar es el diálogo.” La Nación. 16 Sept. 2010. http://www.lanacion.cl/bachelet-la-manera-de-avanzar-es-el-dialogo-/noticias/2010-09-15/223756.html

16 Mapuches: Frei solidariza con comuneros y Piñera acusa terrorismo.” La Nación. 14 Aug. 2010. http://www.lnd.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20090814/pags/20090814114854.html. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Original: “En la Araucanía se han cometido hechos de terrorismo y el gobierno en vez de aplicar la Ley Antiterrorista, salvo en dos excepciones, hace la vista gorda y cuando el gobierno esconde la cabeza, la gente piensa que puede seguir actuando con impunidad.”

17 “Plan Araucanía.” Gobierno de Chile. Nov. 2009. http://www.planaraucania.cl/index2.php?id_portal=1&id_seccion=1483&id_contenido=1876.
7 Estrada, Daniela. “Society's Incomprehension Fuels Mapuche Hunger Strike.” IPS. 29 Sept. 2010. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53007.

19 Rodriguez.

20 “Voceros mapuches valoran resultados de cita con máxima autoridad judicial chilena.” Azkintuwe. 7 Oct. 2010, http://www.azkintuwe.org/oct_609.htm. Translated from the Spanish by Alexandra Reed. Originla: “Esta no es una huelga solo por beneficios carcelarios, busca poner en la agenda del gobierno el tema de nuestros derechos territoriales."

Mexico’s New War: Sex Trafficking

1 http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/09/16/human.trafficking.claudia/?hpt=C1

2 Ugarte, Marisa B., Laura Zarate, and Melissa Farley. "Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Children from Mexico to the United States." Journal of Trauma Practice 2.3/4 (2003): 147-165. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2010.

3 Ugarte, Marisa B., Laura Zarate, and Melissa Farley. "Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Children from Mexico to the United States." Journal of Trauma Practice 2.3/4 (2003): 147-165. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2010.

4 https://commons.kennesaw.edu/buhos/sites/commons.kennesaw.edu.buhos/files/The%20Girls%20Next%20Door%20-%20The%20New%20York%20Times.pdf

5 Ugarte, Marisa B., Laura Zarate, and Melissa Farley. "Prostitution and Trafficking of Women and Children from Mexico to the United States." Journal of Trauma Practice 2.3/4 (2003): 147-165. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2010.

6 http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/09/16/human.trafficking.claudia/?hpt=C1

7 http://humantrafficking.change.org/blog/view/arizonas_new_immigration_law_means_imprisoning_trafficking_victims

8 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm

9 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm

10 http://humantrafficking.change.org/blog/view/mexican_drug_cartels_switch_to_selling_humans